Khoom Taw qhia
| Hexachloroethane Cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim |
| Txheej txheem cej luam Application Environmental fate Health effect Toxico-kinetics References |
| Khoom npe: | Hexachloroethane |
| Synonyms: | 1,1,1,2,2,2-Hexachloroethane;Avlothane;C2Cl6;caswellno.479;CCl3CCl3;Distokal;Distopan;Distopin |
| CAS: | 67-72-1 |
| MF: | C2Cl6 |
| MW: | 236.74 |
| EINECS: | 200-666-4 |
| Khoom Categories: | API Intermediate; Alpha Sort; E-LAlphabetic; H; HA -HT; Volatiles / Semivolatiles; tub yees; Organics; 67-72-1 |
| Mol File: | 67-72-1.mol |
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| Hexachloroethane Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | 183-185 degree (dec.) (lit.) |
| Boiling point | 186 degree |
| ceev | 2.091 g / mL ntawm 25 degree (lit.) |
| vapor ceev | 8.16 (zeeg) |
| vapor siab | 0.4 hli Hg (20 degree) |
| Refractive Index | 1.5282 (kwv yees) |
| Fp | 9 degree |
| cia temp. | 2-8 degree |
| solubility | Soluble hauv cawv, benzene, chloroform, ether |
| daim ntawv | Crystalline hmoov los yog Crystalline hmoov |
| xim | Dawb |
| Dej Solubility | 0.05 g/L (22 ºC) |
| Merck | 14,4679 |
| BRN | 1740341 |
| Henry's Law Constant | 1.43, 2.81, thiab 5.31 ntawm 10, 20, thiab 30 degree, ntsig txog (Munz thiab Roberts, 1987) |
| Kev txwv tsis pub dhau | TLV-TWA 10 ppm ({2}} mg/m3) (ACGIH), 1 ppm (MSHA thiab OSHA), qis tshaj Feasi ble Limit (NIOSH); carcinogenicity: Tsiaj txwv pov thawj (IARC). |
| Kev ruaj ntseg: | ruaj khov. Tsis-combustible. Tej zaum yuav hnov mob nrog cov hlau kub, muaj zog oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm. |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 67-72-1(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Ethane, hexachloro-(67-72-1) |
| IARC | 2B (Vol. 73) 1999 |
| EPA Tshuaj Registry System | Hexachloroethane ({0}}) |
| Cov ntaub ntawv kev nyab xeeb |
| Hazard Codes | Xn, N, T, F |
| Risk Statements | 40-51/53-36/37/38-39/23/24/25-36/38-23/24/25-11-50/53-52/53 |
| Cov lus hais txog kev nyab xeeb | 36/37-61-45-36/37/39-26-24-16-7-37/39 |
| RIDADR | TIAB SA 9037 |
| OEB | B |
| OEL | TWA: 1 ppm (10 mg/m3) [skin] (Chloroethanes) |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | TSI 4025 000 |
| TSCA | Yog lawm |
| HazardClass | 9 |
| PackingGroup | III |
| HS Code | 29031990 |
| Cov Ntaub Ntawv Muaj Xwm Ceev | 67-72-1(Cov ntaub ntawv muaj phom sij) |
| Toxicity | MLD iv hauv dev: 325 mg/kg (Barsoum, Saad) |
| IDLA | 300 ppm |
| MSDS Cov Ntaub Ntawv |
| Tus kws kho mob | Lus |
|---|---|
| SigmaAldrich | Lus Askiv |
| ACROS | Lus Askiv |
| ALFA | Lus Askiv |
| Hexachloroethane Siv thiab Synthesis |
| Txheej txheem cej luam | Hexachloroethane (HCE; CASRN 67-72-1) yog ib qho halogenated hydrocarbon uas muaj rau chlorines txuas rau lub pob txha ethane. Yav dhau los, HCE tau siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv helminthic rau kev kho cov yaj flukes, tab sis tsis siv rau lub hom phiaj no lawm txij li US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tau thim kev pom zoo rau kev siv no xyoo 1971.[1]. HCE feem ntau yog siv los ntawm cov tub rog rau cov lauj kaub haus luam yeeb; pa luam yeeb grenades, thiab cov khoom siv pyrotechnic[1]. HCE kuj tau siv los ua cov khoom siv polymer, tshuaj tua kab mob, cov yas yas rau cellulose esters, thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob hnyav, thiab hauv metallurgy rau refining aluminium alloys.[1, 3]. HCE kuj tau txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv lub taub hau ntawm chlorine-bleach-muaj cov khoom siv hauv tsev[4]. Daim duab 1 cov qauv tshuaj ntawm hexachloroethane HCE yog tsim los ntawm chlorination ntawm tetrachlorethylene (PERC) nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ferric chloride[1]. HCE tau tsim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas (Asmeskas) rau kev lag luam xa tawm los ntawm 1921 txog 1967, tab sis tam sim no tsis yog muag lag luam.[1, 5]. Xyoo 1970, Asmeskas cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm HCE tau tshaj tawm tias HCE tsis tau muab faib, tab sis tsuas yog siv hauv tsev lossis rov ua dua tshiab.[1]; Asmeskas cov neeg muag khoom hauv xyoo 1970 tau xa HCE los ntawm Fabkis, Spain, thiab United Kingdom[1]. Teb Chaws Asmeskas kev tsim khoom ntxiv rau HCE tag nrho ntawm 10 lab-50 lab phaus hauv xyoo 1986, 1 lab-10 lab phaus hauv xyoo 1990, 10 lab-50 lab phaus hauv xyoo 1994, 500, 000-1 lab phaus hauv 1998, 10, 000–500,{16}} phaus hauv 2002, thiab 1–10 lab phaus hauv 2006[6]. |
| Daim ntawv thov | Hexachloroethane tau tshaj tawm tias yog siv los ua tshuaj nruab nrab, ua tus neeg sawv cev flux rau cov nplej refining thiab degassing ntawm aluminium alloys, thiab raws li cov nplaim hluav taws kub nyhiab hauv kev lag luam laminating resins. Nws kuj tau tshaj tawm tias siv los ua cov tshuaj reactant hauv tub rog phom phom. Lwm yam kev siv ntawm hexachloroethane tau sau tseg hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis yav dhau los yog nyob rau hauv tub rog pyrotechnics, hauv kev lag luam metallurgical, ua plasticizer, ua cov hluav taws kub hnyiab, ua kev pab cuam hauv ntau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam, ua ib feem ntawm fungicidal thiab insecticidal formulations, thiab ( yav tas los) raws li ib tug anthelmintic nyob rau hauv veterinary tshuaj[1, 7]. Kev siv hexachloroethane hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Daim Ntawv Teev Npe Txwv thiab Txwv Cov Tshuaj Txhuam Hniav (feem ntau hu ua Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist lossis tsuas yog Hotlist), cov cuab yeej tswj hwm uas Health Western lub teb chaws siv los sib txuas lus rau cov tuam txhab lag luam thiab lwm tus uas qee yam tshuaj, thaum muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, tej zaum yuav ua txhaum (a) cov kev txwv dav dav pom nyob rau hauv nqe lus 16 ntawm Txoj Cai Khoom Noj thiab Tshuaj lossis (b) ib qho kev cai ntawm Cosmetic Regulations. Hexachloroethane tsis siv rau hauv cov tshuaj tua kab hauv cov tebchaws sab hnub poob. Tsis tas li ntawd, tam sim no nyob rau hauv Western lub teb chaws, hexachloroethane tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov kws kho tsiaj cov khoom, nws tsis yog siv nyob rau hauv tub rog phom phom, thiab tsis muaj pov thawj tau pom rau nws tam sim no siv raws li ib tug nplaim hluav taws. Hexachloroethane tsis yog cov khoom noj uas tau tso cai nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab tsis muaj nyob rau hauv ntau cov ntaub ntawv tswj xyuas zaub mov.[8, 9]. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem raug xa mus rau Western lub teb chaws siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev degassing rau oxides thiab hydrogen tshem tawm los ntawm txhuas alloys thaum tuag casting ntawm qhov ntau ntawm tsawg dua 2000 kg ib xyoo. Kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv ntawm hexachloroethane tau raug txiav tawm thoob ntiaj teb. European Commission txwv tsis pub siv hexachloroethane hauv kev tsim lossis ua cov hlau tsis muaj hlau.[10]. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev siv hexachloroethane flux hauv kev lag luam aluminium thib ob[11]. Ib yam li ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev lag luam txhuas hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau tshaj tawm tias hexachloroethane tsis siv nyob rau hauv feem ntau thawj txhuas degassing.[12]. Lub koom haum Aluminium ntawm cov teb chaws sab hnub poob kuj tau tshaj tawm tias nws cov tswv cuab tsis siv hexachloroethane hauv lawv cov dej num (kev lag luam thawj aluminium). Nws tau tshaj tawm tias hexachloroethane tuaj yeem yog cov khoom siv ntawm cov roj lubricating thiab cov roj, cov khoom siv tsis yog cov khoom sib txuas thiab cov sealants, automotive chemicals; ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab ironing pab thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav qhuav, tab sis tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntau[13]. |
| Environmental txoj hmoo | Hexachloroethane yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg uas tsis paub tias tshwm sim ib txwm muaj. Nws tsis yog tsim los rau kev lag luam xa tawm hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tab sis raug xa mus rau kev siv tub rog pa luam yeeb thiab cov khoom siv pyrotechnic thiab ua ib qho nruab nrab hauv kev lag luam tshuaj organic. Nws raug tso tawm rau ib puag ncig los ntawm cov kev siv no, feem ntau mus rau huab cua. Hexachloroethane kuj tseem nyob hauv ib puag ncig. Nws volatilizes nkag los ntawm dej mus rau qhov chaw, nrog ib nrab-lub neej ntawm tsawg tshaj li ib hnub hauv qee cov dej. Hexachloroethane kuj tseem tuaj yeem tawm hauv av mus rau hauv av. Tsis yog hydrolysis lossis photolysis yuav tsum yog cov txheej txheem tshem tawm tseem ceeb, tab sis hexachloroethane yuav raug txo qis hauv cov dej hauv dej thaum muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Bioconcentration hauv ntses tau raug tshaj tawm, tab sis bio magnification los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus tsis zoo li. Biodegradation tuaj yeem ua rau kev tshem tawm hexachloroethane los ntawm cov dej nyob ib puag ncig, tab sis muaj cov pov thawj tsis sib haum xeeb txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj hmoo no rau hexachloroethane. Hexachloroethane tau raug kuaj pom ntawm qhov qis (ng / m3) hauv cov huab cua thiab qee zaus hauv cov dej haus. Nws tsis tshua pom nyob rau hauv cov dej saum npoo av los yog biota, thiab tsis tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv cov av ib puag ncig, sediments, los yog cov khoom noj khoom haus. Hexachloroethane tau raug txheeb xyuas tsawg kawg yog 45 ntawm 1,416 qhov chaw pov tseg phom sij uas tau thov kom suav nrog hauv EPA National Priorities List (NPL) (HazDat 1995). Txawm li cas los xij, tus naj npawb ntawm qhov chaw soj ntsuam rau hexachloroethane tsis paub. |
| Kev noj qab haus huv zoo | Kev khaus ntawm daim tawv nqaij me tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub Hoobkas munitions raug rau cov qib qis ntawm hexachloroethane[15]. Cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum hnav khaub ncaws tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob raug mob. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsiaj, hexachloroethane nyob rau hauv cov huab cua tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg lub qhov ntswg thiab lub ntsws thiab ua rau qee qhov hnoos qeev hauv qhov ntswg, zoo li kev ua xua. Nws kuj tuaj yeem ua rau lub qhov muag khaus thiab ua rau lawv tsim kua muag. Cov neeg nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam uas muaj hexachloroethane vapor ntau tuaj yeem ua rau lawv lub ntsej muag cov leeg ntswj lossis nyuaj txav.[15]. Cov kev cuam tshuam no tau pom nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj thaum lub sij hawm raug ntau dua li cov uas pom muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam siv hexachloroethane los yog cov uas yuav xav tau nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ze ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg. Hexachloroethane tsis yog tshuaj lom neeg heev. Cov neeg uas raug ntau npaum li cas rau lub sijhawm ntev yuav ua rau lawv lub siab ua kom puas tsuaj thiab cov rog ua rau hauv koj lub siab. Kuj tseem muaj lub caij nyoog me ntsis uas lub raum tuaj yeem raug puas tsuaj [15]. Txawm hais tias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsiaj qhia tias hexachloroethane yuav ua rau nws nyuaj rau koj cev xeeb tub lossis nws yuav ua mob rau koj tus menyuam thaum koj cev xeeb tub, kev tshawb fawb tsiaj uas tau saib cov teebmeem ntawm hexachloroethane thaum cev xeeb tub yog txwv.[15]. Cov qog nqaij hlav hauv lub siab tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv cov nas uas tau pom qhov ncauj ntawm hexachloroethane rau lawv lub neej. Cov qog nqaij hlav hauv siab feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov nas. Hexachloroethane yuav tsis tas yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg. Cov txiv neej nas uas raug rau hexachloroethane rau lawv lub neej tsim cov qog nqaij hlav hauv lub raum. Hom qog no tsis pom nyob rau hauv tib neeg, yog li nws tsis zoo li qhov raug rau hexachloroethane yuav ua rau koj mob qog noj ntshav raum. Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Tib Neeg tau thov tias hexachloroethane tuaj yeem xav tias yuav ua rau mob qog noj ntshav (tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav). Lub Koom Haum Thoob Ntiaj Teb rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Kho Mob (IARC) tau txiav txim siab tias hexachloroethane tsis raug cais raws li nws cov carcinogenicity hauv tib neeg. EPA tau txiav txim siab tias hexachloroethane yog ib qho ua tau rau tib neeg carcinogen[15]. |
| Toxico-kinetics | Tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam HCE nqus hauv tib neeg los ntawm qhov ncauj lossis nqus pa. HCE tau txheeb xyuas hauv cov kua dej follicular ntawm cov poj niam uas tab tom ua hauv vitro fertilization (IVF) thaum lub sij hawm soj ntsuam rau ib puag ncig cov kab mob.[16]. Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm rau HCE uptake, tab sis tsis yog lub hauv paus lossis txoj kev raug. Tus nqi dermal absorption ntawm HCE tau piav raws li txwv[1]; Kev nqus ntawm HCE cov tshuaj saturated thoob plaws tib neeg daim tawv nqaij tau kwv yees tias yog 0.023 mg/cm2•teev[17]. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv txwv ntawm kev faib tawm HCE hauv tib neeg[16]. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsiaj tau pom tsis tu ncua tias HCE faib rau cov rog, raum, siab, thiab ntshav[18, 19]. Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb hauv vivo thiab hauv vitro txhawb qhov kev txiav txim siab tias cov metabolism hauv HCE tsis tiav, nrog rau kev tso tawm ntawm HCE tsis muaj zog hauv cov pa tawm hauv cov pa thiab tej zaum hauv cov zis. Hauv vivo cov ntaub ntawv metabolism hauv HCE tsuas yog txwv rau peb txoj kev tshawb fawb: Mitoma li al. (1985) hauv nas thiab nas[20]; Jondorf et al. (1957) nyob rau hauv luav[21]; thiab Fowler (1969) hauv yaj[22]. Txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb no qhia txog kev txwv cov metabolism hauv HCE. Ntau yam ntawm cov metabolites nruab nrab kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv exhaled cua thiab zis[21, 22]. Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro siv lub siab microsomes qhia tias HCE metabolism cuam tshuam nrog phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes[23, 24]; Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj cov enzymes tshwj xeeb tau txheeb xyuas. CYP450 enzymes raug ntxias los ntawm phenobarbital suav nrog cov neeg los ntawm 2A, 2B, 2C, thiab 3A subfamilies. Ib qho kev kawm[25]pom cov pov thawj rau CYP1A2 kev koom tes hauv cov metabolism hauv HCE, txawm hais tias qhov no tsis tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro nrog 3-methylcholanthrene, tus inducer ntawm CYP450 1 subfamily[23, 24]. Tsis muaj cov kev tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam HCE tshem tawm hauv tib neeg. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsiaj tau qhia tias txoj hauv kev loj ntawm HCE tshem tawm yog los ntawm fecal teeb meem lossis los ntawm huab cua tas mus li[20-22]. Yaj kawm[22]tau qhia tias qhov ncauj tswj hwm HCE raug tshem tawm los ntawm txoj kev fecal yam tsis muaj kev nqus thiab cov metabolism, thaum tshawb fawb nas.[20]muab pov thawj tias HCE yog absorbed thiab tshem tawm los ntawm exhalation. Nws tsis paub tias vim li cas thiaj muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm yaj thiab nas. |
| Cov ntaub ntawv |
ATSDR. (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). (1997). Toxicological profile rau hexachloroethane. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health thiab Humans Services ACGIH. (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). (2001). Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov pib txwv qhov tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm lub cev thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg rau xyoo 2001. Cincinnati, OH. Teb Chaws Asmeskas EPA. (US Environmental Protection Agency). (1991). Alpha-2u-globulin: Koom nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg lub raum toxicity thiab neoplasia hauv txiv neej nas. (EPA/625/3-91/019F). pp. 136. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum Odabasi, M. (2008). Environ Sci Technol 42: 1445-1451 IARC. (International Agency for Research on Cancer). (1979). Qee cov halogenated hydrocarbons: Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qhia thiab kev ntsuam xyuas. Nyob rau hauv IARC Monographs ntawm Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm Carcinogenic Risks rau Tib Neeg. Lyon, Fab Kis teb. NTP. (National Toxicology Program). (2011). Qhia txog cov kab mob carcinogens. Washington, DC: US Department of Health thiab Human Services. [IARC] IARC Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm ntawm Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb Carcinogenic rau Tib Neeg. 1999. Qee cov tshuaj uas ua rau cov qog nqaij hlav hauv lub raum lossis lub zais zis hauv cov nas thiab qee yam khoom siv. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinogen Risk Chem Hum 73: 295-306. [FDA] Food and Drug Administration. 2013 a. Txhua Yam Ntxiv rau Khoom Noj hauv Tebchaws Meskas. [FDA] Food and Drug Administration. 2013 a. Daim ntawv teev cov khoom siv tsis ncaj uas siv rau hauv Cov Khoom Noj Khoom Noj. [CEC] Commission ntawm European Cov Zej Zog. 2001. Commission Directive 2001/91/EC ntawm 29 Lub Kaum Hli 2001 Strueter RP. 1999. Cov lus tau txais los ntawm Aluminium Association los ntawm Mr. Frank Anscombe, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, IL, Lub Ob Hlis 25, 1999. [CGLI] Council of Great Lakes Industries. 1999. Octachlorostyrene thiab pom zoo muaj qhov chaw. Ib tsab ntawv ceeb toom rau Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy OCS Workgroup, Lub Peb Hlis 9, 1999. Scorecard [database hauv Internet]. 2005. Chemical profile rau hexachloroethane (CAS Number: 67-72-1). HazDat. 1995. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA. Peb Hlis 9, 1993. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=868&tid=169 Younglai, E; et al (2002). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 43: 121-126. Fiserova-Bergerova, V et al (1990) Am J Ind Med 17: 617-635 Gorzinski, S et al (1985). Tshuaj Chem Toxicol 8: 155-169 Nolan, R thiab Karbowski, R. (1978). Hexachloroethane: Cov ntaub so ntswg tshem tawm thiab xa tawm hauv Fischer 344 nas. (878213746). Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology Research Laboratory. Mitoma, C; (1985) et al Drug Chem Toxicol 8: 183-194. Jondorf, W. (1957) et al Biochem J 65:14P-15P. Fowler, J. (1969). Br J Pharmacol 35: 530-542. Nastainczyk, W; et al (1982a). Biochem Pharmacol 31: 391-396. Nastainczyk, W; et al (1982b). Hauv R Snyder (Ed.), Biological reactive intermediates II: Chemical mechanisms and biological effects (Vol. 136 Pt. A, pp. 799-808). New York, NY: Plenum Press. Yanagita, K et al (1997). Arch Biochem Biophys 346: 269-276. |
| Kev piav qhia | Hexachloroethane (HCE) yog halogenated hydrocarbon uas muaj rau chlorines txuas nrog ethane (ACGIH, 1991); nws yog cov khoom dawb mus rau daj daj daj uas tsis ruaj khov hauv huab cua thiab evaporates maj mam. Nws tsw zoo li camphor thaum nws cov concentration hauv huab cua thiab dej yog 150 thiab 10 ppb, feem. HCE nws tus kheej tsis ntes hluav taws yooj yim; txawm li cas los xij; nyob rau hauv aqueous nonbiological tej yam kev mob nws tau txiav txim siab tias HCE yog tsis ruaj tsis khov thiab nonenzymatic dechlorination nyob rau hauv tsis muaj nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) tshwm sim. Nws sai sai degrades hauv av los yog hauv av. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov kab mob ua rau HCE tsis muaj oxygen, thiab decomposition hauv aerobic tej yam kev mob tau raug tshaj tawm. Qee qhov bioconcentration ntawm HCE hauv cov ntses tau txiav txim siab, txawm hais tias theem siab los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus muaj tsawg, txij li nws tau metabolized sai sai los ntawm cov ntses, uas tau tham tom qab (ATSDR, 1997). Qhov muag, tawv nqaij, ua pa, thiab lub raum tau raug npaj ua lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg thaum raug. Cov tsos mob muaj xws li blinking, tearing, photophobia, thiab khaus qhov muag. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov leeg ntawm lub ntsej muag yuav nyuaj rau kev txav mus los. Tsiaj kev tshawb fawb txog cov teebmeem ntawm HCE thaum cev xeeb tub yog txwv. Tom qab kis qhov ncauj, HCE feem ntau yog faib rau cov ntaub so ntswg rog. Kev tshawb fawb Toxicokinetic hauv cov tsiaj tau qhia tias HCE feem ntau nyob hauv zos thiab metabolized hauv daim siab thiab lub raum. Ob peb cov metabolites sib raug zoo tau pom tias lub siab thiab lub raum toxicity zoo ib yam li HCE. Neurological teebmeem xws li tshee thiab ataxia tau pom nyob rau hauv Beagle dev, nas, thiab nas cev xeeb tub. Lwm qhov cuam tshuam los ntawm kev nqus nqus tau suav nrog txo lub cev hnyav thiab nce tus txheeb ze lub siab hnyav hauv nas thiab guinea npua. Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov txiv neej nas kuj pom tias muaj tus txheeb ze spleen thiab testes hnyav. Raws li California Txoj Cai Lij Choj 65, HCE tau pom zoo los ua carcinogenic rau tib neeg, thiab nws ua rau cov qog nqaij hlav ntawm qhov chaw uas tsis yog qhov chaw nkag. Cov teebmeem uas tsis yog mob cancer muaj xws li lub raum degeneration (tubular nephropathy, necrosis ntawm lub raum tubular epithelium, hyaline droplet tsim, tubular regeneration, thiab tubular casts) thiab hepatocellular necrosis. Nws ua rau hyaline droplet nephropathy thiab raum toxicity, thiab nws induces chromosome malsegregation, lethality, thiab mitotic loj hlob raug ntes (Crebelli li al., 1995, 1992, 1988). |
| Chemical Properties | dawb crystalline hmoov |
| Chemical Properties | Hexachloroethane yog cov khoom dawb nrog cov ntxhiab tsw zoo li camphor. Nws maj mam evaporates thaum nws raug rau huab cua. |
| Lub cev muaj zog | Rhombic, triclinic los yog cubic, tsis muaj xim muaju nrog cov ntxhiab tsw zoo li camphor. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw yog 0.15 ppm (quoted, Amoore thiab Hautala, 1983). |
| Siv | Hexachloroethane yog siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov pa taws; nyob rau hauv explosives, nyob rau hauv celluloid, raws li ib tug tshuaj tua kab, thiab raws li ib tug rubbervulcanizing accelerator. Yav dhau los nws tau siv asan anthelmintic rau tsiaj txhu. Hexachloroethane yog cov tshuaj chlorinating muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev npaj cov chlorosilanes los ntawm hydrosilanes. |
| Siv | Nyob rau hauv metallurgy rau refining aluminium alloys, tshem tawm impurities ntawm molten hlau, rov qab hlau los ntawm ores los yog smelting khoom. Degassing tus neeg sawv cev rau magnesium; Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev tawg ntawm methane thiab combustion ntawm ammonium perchlorate. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv grenades; hauv pyrotechnics. Ignition suppressant, nyob rau hauv hluav taws tua cov kua, polymer additive, nplaim-proofing agent, vulcanizing tus neeg saib xyuas. Hauv kev tsim cov pob zeb hluavtaws hluavtaws. |
| Siv | Kev siv ntawm hexachloroethane tau dav; Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv hauv kev lag luam yog txo qis. Hexachloroethane feem ntau yog siv rau hauv tub rog cov phom phom (xws li, lub lauj kaub haus luam yeeb, grenades, cartridges, thiab projectiles siv los tsim "pas luam yeeb" lossis "fog") thiab hauv pyrotechnics. Qhov kwv yees nruab nrab txhua xyoo ntawm kev siv hexachloroethane los ntawm 1966 txog 1977 ntawm qhov chaw loj tsim cov pa luam yeeb thiab cov khoom siv pyrotechnic yog 192,802 lb. Nyob rau xyoo 1970, kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm cov hexachloroethane faib tau siv los tsim cov tub rog cov pa luam yeeb thiab cov khoom siv pyrotechnic, 30% mus rau 40. % los tsim degassing pellets kom tshem tawm cov pa npuas los ntawm molten ore ntawm aluminium foundries, thiab 10% mus rau 20% raws li antihelminthic los tswj lub siab flukes nyob rau hauv yaj thiab nyuj. US Food and Drug Administration tau thim kev pom zoo rau kev siv hexachloroethane ua ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv xyoo 1971, thiab tej zaum nws yuav tsis siv rau lub hom phiaj no (ATSDR 1997). Nws siv rau degassing txhuas kuj tau yuav luag tag nrho tawm hauv Tebchaws Meskas (EPA 1999). Lwm yam kev siv hauv metallurgy muaj xws li refining alloys, tshem tawm impurities los ntawm molten hlau, rov qab hlau los ntawm ores los yog smelting khoom, thiab raws li ib tug degassing neeg sawv cev rau magnesium; Txawm li cas los xij, European Union tau pib phasing tawm kev siv hexachloroethane hauv cov hlau tsis muaj hlau hauv xyoo 1998 (EC 1998). Ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam kev siv yav dhau los ntawm hexachloroethane tau raug txheeb xyuas, tab sis ntau ntawm cov no yuav raug txiav tawm lossis koom nrog kev siv tsuas yog txwv kom muaj nuj nqis. Hexachloroethane yog siv los ua ib qho chaw kuaj tshuaj thiab ua cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam fungicidal thiab insecticidal formulations, siab-siab lubricants, thiab yas (ATSDR 1997, IARC 1999, HSDB 2009). Lwm yam kev siv yav dhau los suav nrog ua npauj tshuaj tua kab thiab hauv kev lag luam tshuaj raws li cov khoom siv polymer, cov yas yas rau cov cellulose esters, cov accelerator, cov vulcanizing tus neeg sawv cev, cov txheej txheem hnyav hauv kev tsim roj hmab, retardant hauv cov txheej txheem fermentation, thiab ib feem ntawm submarine xim. , thiab nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov hom ntawm hluavtaws pob zeb diamond. Nws kuj tau siv los ua ib feem ntawm cov hluav taws tua hluav taws, ib qho ntxiv hauv cov kua hluav taws xob (ignition suppressant), thiab inhibitor ntawm qhov tawg ntawm methane thiab combustion ntawm ammonium perchlorate (IARC 1979, 1999, HSDB 2009). |
| Txhais | ChEBI: Ib tug tswv cuab ntawm chav kawm ntawm chloroethanes uas yog ethane nyob rau hauv uas tag nrho cov hydrogens hloov los ntawm chloro pawg. |
| Kev piav qhia dav dav | Hexachloroethane yog xim tsis muaj xim, crystalline khoom nrog cov ntxhiab tsw zoo li camphor. Hexachloroethane tuaj yeem ua rau muaj mob los ntawm kev nqus los yog nqus tau thiab ua rau tawv nqaij, qhov muag thiab cov mucous. Thaum rhuab mus rau qhov kub siab Hexachloroethane tuaj yeem tawm cov pa phem. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog kev hem thawj rau ib puag ncig. Cov kauj ruam tam sim ntawd yuav tsum tau ua kom txwv tsis pub nws kis mus rau ib puag ncig. Hexachloroethane yog siv los ua lwm yam tshuaj. |
| Cua & Dej Reactions | Insoluble hauv dej. |
| Reactivity Profile | Hexachloroethane tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlau kub, zinc thiab txhuas. Dehalogenation ntawm Hexachloroethane los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog alkalis thiab hlau yuav tsim chloroacetylenes tsis ruaj khov. Hexachloroethane tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm. . |
| Hazard | Toxic los ntawm kev noj thiab nqus tau pa, muaj zog irritant, absorbed los ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Ua tau carcinogen. |
| Health Hazard | Compound yog ib tug muaj zog narcotic thiab siab tshuaj lom; kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntshav muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm neurological. Rov ua dua los ntawm kev nqus pa tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus. Kev noj haus ua rau ntuav, raws plab, raug mob mucosal hnyav, daim siab necrosis, cyanosis, tsis nco qab, tsis nco qab, thiab tuag. Kev sib cuag nrog ob lub qhov muag ua rau khaus thiab lachrymation. Nws tuaj yeem nqus tau los ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov tawv nqaij mob hnyav. |
| Health Hazard | Vapors ntawm hexachloroethane yog ib qho khaus rau lub qhov muag thiab mucous daim nyias nyias. Qhov ncauj koob tshuaj 1000 mg/kg ua rau tsis muaj zog, staggering gait, thiab twitching nqaij nyob rau hauv dev.Labbits noj 1000 mg / kg rau 12 hnub devel oped necrosis; qis dua, 320 mg / kg, ua rau daim siab degeneration; Tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam tau pom ntawm qhov koob tshuaj ntawm 100 mg / kg (Lub lis piam 1979). Kev nqus pa toxicity yog qis qis hauv cov tsiaj. Subacute toxic effectin dogs raug 260-ppm vapors ofhexachloroethane rau 6 teev ib hnub twg, 5 hnub hauv ib lub lis piam rau 6 lub lis piam yog tremors, ataxia, hypersalivation, taub hau bobbling, thiab lub ntsej muag nqaij fasciculations (Lub lis piam 1979). 5900 ppm los ntawm ib qho 8- teev raug. LD50 tus nqi, qhov ncauj (nas): 4460 mg/kg Kev ntsuam xyuas rau mutagenicity thiab teratogenicity yog qhov tsis zoo. Cov carcinogenic poten tial ntawm hexachloroethane tau sau tseg hauv cov testanimals nkaus xwb ntawm qhov hnyav hnyav uas tau muab tsis tu ncua rau lub sijhawm ntev (ACGIH 1986). Nws ua rau daim siab qog inmice. |
| Hluav Taws Xob | Kev phom sij tshwj xeeb ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob: Irritating hydrogen chloride vapor tuaj yeem tsim hluav taws. |
| Ntxim yuav nphav raug | Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm HCE yog siv los ntawm cov tub rog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob. Nws kuj yog siv los tshem tawm cov npuas npuas hauv melted aluminium. Tej zaum nws yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ib co fungicides, tshuaj tua kab, lubricants, thiab yas. Nws tsis yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, tab sis nws yog tsim raws li ib tug by-product nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov tshuaj. Yuav tsim los ntawm incinerators thaum mate rials uas muaj chlorinated hydrocarbons raug hlawv. Qee qhov HCE kuj tuaj yeem tsim tau thaum cov tshuaj chlorine reacts nrog carbon compounds hauv dej haus. Raws li kev siv tshuaj, HCE yog siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob los kho fascioliasis hauv yaj thiab nyuj. Nws kuj tseem ntxiv rau kev pub noj ntawm ruminants, tiv thaiv metha nogenesis thiab nce kev noj zaub mov zoo. HCE yog siv nyob rau hauv cov hlau thiab alloy ntau lawm, feem ntau nyob rau hauv refining aluminium alloys. Nws kuj yog siv los tshem tawm cov impurities los ntawm cov hlau molten, rov ua cov hlau los ntawm cov hlau los yog cov khoom smelting thiab txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm ntau yam hlau thiab alloys. HCE muaj nyob rau hauv pyrotechnics. Nws inhibits qhov tawg ntawm methane thiab combustion ntawm ammonium perchlo tus nqi. Cov pa luam yeeb uas muaj HCE yog siv los tua hluav taws. HCE muaj ntau daim ntawv thov raws li cov khoom siv polymer. Nws muaj flameproofing zoo, nce rhiab heev rau hluav taws xob crosslinking, thiab siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev vulcanizing. Ntxiv rau polymer fibers, HCE ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev o thiab ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo rau cov xim. |
| Kev pab thawj zaug | Yog hais tias cov tshuaj no nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov muag, tshem tawm ib qho kev sib tiv tauj lo ntsiab muag ib zaug thiab tso dej tam sim ntawd rau tsawg kawg 15 feeb, qee zaus nqa lub hau sab saud thiab qis dua. Nrhiav kev kho mob tam sim ntawd. Yog tias cov tshuaj no cuam tshuam rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tshem tawm cov khaub ncaws tsis huv thiab ntxuav tam sim ntawd nrog xab npum thiab dej. Nrhiav kev kho mob tam sim ntawd. Yog tias cov tshuaj no tau nqus tau lawm, tshem tawm ntawm qhov raug, pib ua pa cawm siav (siv cov lus ceeb toom thoob ntiaj teb, suav nrog Iresuscitation1 daim npog ntsej muag) yog tias ua tsis taus pa thiab CPR yog tias lub plawv nres. Hloov tam sim ntawd mus rau qhov chaw kho mob. Thaum cov tshuaj no tau nqos lawm, mus kho mob. Muab cov dej ntau ntau thiab ua rau ntuav. Tsis txhob ua rau tus neeg tsis nco qab ntuav. |
| Carcinogenicity | Hexachloroethane yog qhov tsim nyog xav tias yuav yog ogen raws li cov pov thawj txaus ntawm carcinogenicit tib neeg carciny los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv cov tsiaj sim. |
| Environmental txoj hmoo | Tshuaj lom neeg.Nyob rau hauv aerobic tej yam kev mob los yog nyob rau hauv cov kev sim uas muaj sib xyaw kab lis kev cai, hexachloroethane tau qhia kom degrade rau tetrachloroethane (Vogel li al., 1987). Nyob rau hauv lub uninhibited anoxic sediment dej ncua, hexachloroethane degraded rau tetrachloroethylene. Qhov tshaj tawm ib nrab-lub neej rau qhov kev hloov pauv no yog 19.7 min (Jafvert thiab Wolfe, 1987). Thaum hexachloroethane (5 thiab 10 mg / L) tau statically incubated nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm 25 degree nrog poov xab extract thiab tswm nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab inoculum rau 7 d, 100% biodegradation nrog ceev adaptation tau pom (Tabak li al., 1981). Photolytic.Thaum cov tshuaj aqueous uas muaj hexachloroethane tau photooxidized los ntawm UV teeb ntawm 90-95 degree, 25, 50, thiab 75% degraded rau carbon dioxide tom qab 25.2, 93.7, thiab 172.0 h, raws li (Knoevenagel thiab Himmelreich, 1977). . Tshuaj / Lub cev.Kev tshaj tawm hydrolysis ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 25 degree thiab pH 7 yog 1.8 x 109xyoo (Jeffers et al., 1989). Tsis muaj hydrolysis tau pom tom qab 13 d ntawm 85 degree thiab pH qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 3, 7, thiab 11 (Ellington li al., 1987). Ib yam li ntawd, tsis muaj kev ntsuas hydrolysis tau pom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab alkaline tej yam kev mob (Jeffers thiab Wolfe, 1996). |
| khaws cia | Xim Code- Xiav: Health Hazard/Poison: Khaws rau hauv qhov chaw muaj tshuaj lom. Ua ntej ua haujlwm nrog cov tshuaj no koj yuav tsum tau kawm txog nws txoj kev tuav thiab khaws cia. Hexachloroethane yuav tsum tau khaws cia kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib cuag nrog cov hlau kub, zinc, txhuas, thiab alkalis txij li thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov tshwm sim. Khaws rau hauv cov thawv kaw nruj nreem nyob rau hauv qhov chaw txias, zoo-ventilated qhov chaw deb ntawm tshav kub. Kev tswj hwm, markedarea yuav tsum tsim kom muaj qhov twg cov tshuaj no raug tswj xyuas, siv, lossis khaws cia ua raws li OSHA Standard 1910.1045. |
| Kev xa khoom | UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, nos, Hazard Class: 6.1; Cov ntawv lo: 6.1-Cov ntaub ntawv muaj kuab lom, Kev Siv Lub Npe Yuav Tsum Tau. UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, nos, Hazard class: 9; Cov ntawv lo: 9-Lwm yam khoom siv phom sij, Kev Siv Lub Npe Yuav Tsum Tau. |
| Txoj Kev Purification | Chav distil nws, ces crystallize nws los ntawm 95% EtOH. Qhuav nws hauv qhov tsaus ntuj hauv qab lub tshuab nqus tsev. [Beilstein 1 IV 148.] |
| Kev tshuaj ntsuam toxicity | Cov ntawv ceeb toom txog kev noj qab haus huv tib neeg muaj kev txwv thiab tsis meej pem los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke rau ntau cov kuab tshuaj los yog lwm yam tshuaj lom (xws li, HCE-zinc oxide pa luam yeeb), thiab tsawg dhau los muab cov lus xaus rau kev noj qab haus huv. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsiaj qhia tias HCE feem ntau yog metabolized rau tetrachlorethylene (PERC) thiab pentachloroethane los ntawm CYP450 enzymes ntawm lub siab, nrog rau cov metabolism hauv qab rau TCE. Cov metabolites pom nyob rau hauv cov zis muaj xws li TCA, trichloroethanol, oxalic acid, dichloroethanol, dichloroacetic acid, thiab monochloroacetic acid (Gorzinski li al., 1985). Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm TCA (lub peev xwm metabolite ntawm HCE) qhia tias cov dawb radicals tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev kho mob toxicity, tshwj xeeb hauv daim siab. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv muaj qhia txog kev tsim cov dawb radicals tom qab raug HCE, thiab nws tsis paub tias tsis hloov HCE lossis nws cov metabolites yog lub luag haujlwm rau lub siab thiab lub raum toxicities pom hauv kev tshawb fawb tsiaj. Lipid peroxidation tau tshaj tawm los ntawm kev tsim ntawm malondialdehyde thiab conjugated dienes, uas muaj cov dawb radicals (Town li al., 1984). Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, qhov muaj cov pa roj carbon monoxide ntsuas los ntawm kev tshawb fawb vivo tau pom tias HCE tuaj yeem khi rau DNA, RNA, thiab cov protein. Yog li ntawd, lub raum toxicity thiab hepatotoxicity kuj yuav koom nrog HCE khi rau DNA, RNA, los yog protein, uas ua rau cytotoxicity thiab ua rau cytotoxic puas tsuaj los ntawm radicals. Lwm qhov kev xav yog cov ntaub ntawv uas 2u-globulin hom kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua rau HCE-induced nephropathy tab sis lawv tsis txaus. |
| Kev tsis sib haum xeeb | Tsis muaj zog acids, oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, thiab lwm yam); kev sib cuag tej zaum yuav ua rau hluav taws kub los yog tawg. Khaws kom deb ntawm cov hauv paus muaj zog. |
| Pov tseg pov tseg | Incineration tom qab sib tov nrog lwm combustible roj. Kev saib xyuas yuav tsum tau siv los ua kom tiav kev sib xyaw kom tsis txhob muaj cov phosgene. Cov kua qaub txhuam yog tsim nyog los tshem tawm cov halo acids produced. Tham nrog cov koom haum tswj hwm ib puag ncig rau kev taw qhia txog kev coj ua pov tseg. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom pov tseg uas muaj cov kab mob no (Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 100 kg / mo) yuav tsum ua raws li EPA cov cai tswj xyuas kev khaws cia, kev thauj mus los, kev kho, thiab kev pov tseg pov tseg. |
| Hexachloroethane Npaj Cov Khoom Siv Thiab Cov Khoom Raw |
| Cov khoom nyoos | Sodium hydroxide-->Chlorine-->Carbon tetrachloride-->Trichloroethylene-->Tetrachloroethylene-->1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-->PENTACHLOROETHANE-->ACETYLTRIPHENYLGERMANE-->TRIPHENYLGERMANIUM CHLORIDE-->1,1,1-TRICHLOROACETONE |
| Cov khoom npaj | METHYL-2-CHLOROOXAZOLE-5-CARBOXYLATE-->1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane-->2-Chloro-3-fluoropyridine-4-carboxylic acid-->1,2-DIFLUOROTETRACHLOROETHANE-->1,2-DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE-->Ethanediamide, N1,N1,N2,N2-tetraethyl--->DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOUS DICHLORIDE-->4-chloropyridine-->3-Chloroquinoline |
Cim npe nrov: Tuam Tshoj hexachloroethane manufacturers, lwm tus neeg, Hoobkas
Tom ntej: Chlorotrifluoroethene
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