Khoom Taw qhia
| Vanillin Basic ntaub ntawv |
| Summary Vanilla extract Tseem ceeb txuj lom Physicochemical zog Kev nqis tes ua thiab kev siv tshuaj phiv Vanitrope Muaj ntau lawm txoj kev vanillin Cov ntsiab lus tsom xam Toxicity Limited siv Kev lag luam kev tsim kho tshuaj siv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm |
| Khoom npe: | Vanillin |
| Synonyms: | 2-Methoxy-4-formylphenol;3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (vanillin);4-Formyl-2-methoxyphenol; Protocatechualdehyde, methyl-; Vanillin Powder; Vanillin cas:121-33-5;Vanillin NAT;Vanillin 97+% |
| CAS: | 121-33-5 |
| MF: | C8H8O3 |
| MW: | 152.15 |
| EINECS: | 204-465-2 |
| Khoom Categories: | Aromatic Aldehydes & Derivatives (hloov chaw); Kev tshuaj ntsuam chemistry; Khoom noj khoom haus thiab pub additive; FINE Tshuaj & INTERMEDIATES; Khoom noj khoom haus & Pub ADDITIVES; TLC Stains; FOOD ADDITIVES; PHARMACEUTICALS; Khoom noj khoom haus & Flavor Additives; Nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg; Flavor; Inhibitors; organic chemical; Aldehydes; Bioactive Me Molecules; Tsim Blocks; C8; Carbonyl Compounds; Cell Biology; Chemical Synthesis; Organic Building Blocks; Pharmacopoeia; Pharmacopoeia AZ; V; Polyether Antibiotics; Analytical Reagents; Analytical Reagents; ;Derivatization Reagents; Derivatization Reagents HPLC; HPLC Derivatization Reagents; Kev Tshawb Fawb Khoom Noj; Phytochemicals los ntawm Nroj Tsuag (Food / Spice / Tshuaj ntsuab); Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry); Zingiber officinale (Ginger); bc0001; 121-33-5 |
| Mol File: | 121-33-5.mol |
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| Vanillin Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | 81-83 degree (lit.) |
| Boiling point | 170 degree 15 hli Hg (lit.) |
| ceev | 1.06 |
| vapor ceev | 5.3 (vs huab cua) |
| vapor siab | >0.01 hli Hg (25 degree) |
| Refractive Index | 1.4850 (kwv yees) |
| FEMA | 3107|VANILLIN |
| Fp | 147 degree |
| cia temp. | 2-8 degree |
| solubility | methanol: 0.1 g/mL, ntshiab |
| pka ua | pKa 7.396±0. |
| daim ntawv | Crystalline hmoov |
| xim | Dawb mus daj daj |
| PH | 4.3 (10g / l, H2O, 20 degree) |
| tsw | ntawm 100.00%. vanilla |
| Hom tshuaj tsw qab | vanilla |
| Dej Solubility | 10 g/L (25 ºC) |
| rhiab heev | Cua & Lub teeb Sensitive |
| JECFA Number | 889 |
| Merck | 14,9932 |
| BRN | 472792 |
| Kev ruaj ntseg: | ruaj khov. Tej zaum yuav discolor thaum raug rau lub teeb. Moisture-sensitive. Incompatible nrog muaj zog oxidizing neeg sawv cev, perchloric acid. |
| LogP | 1.17 ntawm 25 degree |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 121-33-5(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-(121-33-5) |
| EPA Tshuaj Registry System | Vanillin (121-33-5) |
| Cov ntaub ntawv kev nyab xeeb |
| Hazard Codes | Xis |
| Risk Statements | 22-36/37/38-36 |
| Cov lus hais txog kev nyab xeeb | 26 |
| WGK Germany | 1 |
| RTECS | wb 5775000 |
| Autoignition Kub | >400 degree |
| TSCA | Yog lawm |
| HS Code | 29124100 |
| Cov Ntaub Ntawv Muaj Xwm Ceev | 121-33-5(Cov ntaub ntawv muaj phom sij) |
| Toxicity | LD50 qhov ncauj hauv nas, guinea npua: 1580, 1400 mg / kg (Jenner) |
| MSDS Cov Ntaub Ntawv |
| Tus kws kho mob | Lus |
|---|---|
| 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde | Lus Askiv |
| ACROS | Lus Askiv |
| SigmaAldrich | Lus Askiv |
| ALFA | Lus Askiv |
| Vanillin Siv thiab Synthesis |
| Cov ntsiab lus | Vanillin yog cov khoom siv hluavtaws ntawm thawj hom tsw, ua los ntawm German M. Harman, thiab G-Dr. Twyman xyoo 1874. Feem ntau Nws muab faib ua methyl vanillin thiab ethyl vanillin. 1. Methyl vanillin: dawb los yog daj me ntsis crystalline, nrog vanilla aroma thiab nplua nuj mis nyuj fragrance, yog ntau hom kev lag luam naj hoom, yog cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb ntawm universal nyiam creamy vanilla tsw. Nws siv dav heev, xws li hauv cov zaub mov, tshuaj, tshuaj luam yeeb, kev lag luam xws li txuj lom, tshuaj tsw qab lossis tshuaj tsw qab, uas yog feem ntau ntawm cov khoom noj haus dej qab zib, khoom qab zib, ncuav mog qab zib, biscuits, qhob cij thiab roasted noob. Tsis muaj cov lus ceeb toom hais tias vanillin ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg lub cev. 2. Ethyl vanillin: dawb mus rau micro daj koob siv lead ua los yog crystalline hmoov, zoo ib yam li vanilla taum, aroma dua methyl vanillin thicker. Nws yog ib qho dav-spectrum flavors, uas yog ib qho ntawm lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hluavtaws txuj lom, yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab indispensable raw khoom rau zaub mov additives kev lag luam. Lub aroma yog 3-4 npaug tshaj li ntawm vanillin, nrog cov aromas ntawm vanilla taum aroma thiab ntev-ntev tsw. Dav siv nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, chocolate, ice cream, dej qab zib thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce ua si aroma thiab tsw. Tsis tas li ntawd ethyl vanillin kuj yog pub additives, electroplating kev lag luam ntawm brightening tus neeg saib xyuas, kev lag luam kws tshuaj ntawm intermediates. C. Guaiacol glyoxylate txoj kev Los ntawm kev siv guaiacol thiab glyoxylic acid ua raw khoom ces los ntawm condensation, oxidation thiab decarboxylation ua rau vanillin. Txoj kev no yog tsim los ntawm Fabkis Rhone-Poulenc tuam txhab kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob, thiab ntau lawm nyob rau hauv loj teev. Kev siv glyoxylic acid los ntawm maleic acid methyl ester tau npaj los ntawm ob lub ozone decomposition (German patent 3224795). Cov txheej txheem hluavtaws muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv dav, cov kauj ruam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsawg dua, tus nqi qis, tsawg dua peb cov pa phem. Yog li ntawd, nws raug suav hais tias yog txoj kev tsim nyog tshaj plaws. |
| Vanilla extract | Vanilla yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg orchid, ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm qee yam 25, 000 ntau hom. Vanilla yog ib haiv neeg ntawm South thiab Central America thiab Caribbean; thiab thawj cov neeg tau cog qoob loo zoo li yog Totonacs ntawm Mexico sab hnub tuaj ntug dej hiav txwv. Cov Aztecs tau txais vanilla thaum lawv kov yeej Totonacs nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th; Cov lus Mev, dhau los, tau txais nws thaum lawv kov yeej Aztecs. Vanilla yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tsw thiab cov tshuaj tsw qab muab rho tawm los ntawm cov noob pods ntawm vanilla orchid, muaj ntawm kwv yees qhov chaw ntawm 250 thiab 500 qhov sib txawv tsw thiab cov tshuaj tsw qab. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov khoom no yog vanillin. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias tus nqi thiab cov khoom siv sib txawv ntawm ntuj vanilla, feem ntau cov khoom uas xav muab cov aroma ntawm vanilla tsis yog qhov tseeb siv vanilla tab sis yog vanillin hluavtaws (99% ntawm tag nrho cov vanillin noj thoob ntiaj teb) ua los ntawm petrochemicals lossis tshuaj derived. los ntawm lignin.  Vanillin feem ntau yog siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev flavoring, feem ntau hauv cov khoom noj thiab dej haus xws li cov qhob noom xim kasfes thiab cov khoom siv mis nyuj, tab sis kuj yog siv los npog cov khoom noj tsis zoo hauv cov tshuaj lossis zaub mov noj. Nws kuj yog ib qho nruab nrab hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm qee yam tshuaj thiab agrochemicals. Vanillin thiab vanilla extracts muaj kwv yees li ib xyoos ib zaug tag nrho ntim ntawm 16, 000 metric tonnes, muaj nqis ib co USD 650 lab nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Ntuj vanilla extract sawv cev tsawg dua 1% los ntawm ntim, txawm hais tias nws tseem ceeb dua ntawm tus nqi. Cov nqi muag khoom yog li ntawm USD 1,500 ib kg rau ntuj vanilla extract rau USD 10-20 ib kg rau hluavtaws vanillin. Lub hauv paus kev lag luam yog nyob rau hauv kev muab cov khoom lag luam sib tw, nrog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, ua los ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim thiab ruaj khov. Evolva ntseeg hais tias cov khoom no yuav tso cai rau fermentation-derived vanillin siv rau hauv ntau yam khoom noj thiab lwm yam khoom. Evolva tsis ntseeg tias cov khoom zoo li no yuav hloov tau vanilla tau los ntawm orchid. |
| Cov txuj lom tseem ceeb | Vanillin feem ntau hu ua vanilla hmoov, huab Nepal nrog cov hmoov, vanilla extract, yog muab rho tawm los ntawm Rutaceae vanilla taum, yog ib yam ntawm cov txuj lom tseem ceeb, yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab hluavtaws tawm los ntawm ntau hom, sib tov chocolate, ice cream, zom cov pos hniav, pastry thiab haus luam yeeb essence ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. Ib txwm tshwm sim hauv pods ntawm vanilla planifolia, thiab clove roj, oakmoss roj, balsam ntawm Peru, tolu balsam storax. Vanillin muaj zog thiab tshwj xeeb vanilla taum aroma, aroma stability, nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, tsawg volatile. Nws yog qhov yooj yim rau lub teeb, thiab maj mam oxidized nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, yooj yim hloov xim thaum ntsib alkali lossis alkaline khoom. Cov tshuaj Aqueous reacts nrog ferric chloride los tsim cov tshuaj xiav ntshav. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau ntau hom tshuaj tsw qab, tab sis feem ntau yog siv rau cov khoom noj khoom haus. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom qab zib, chocolate, dej qab zib, ice cream, wine, thiab nyob rau hauv cov pa luam yeeb tsw.Yog tsis muaj kev txwv rau kev siv ntawm IFRA. Tab sis vim yooj yim ua rau discoloration, peb yuav tsum xyuam xim rau siv cov khoom qab zib dawb. Vanillin kuj tseem yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau cov txuj lom uas siv tau, cov txuj lom, yuav luag txhua yam khoom qab zib, feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam khoom noj. Cov khoom noj qab zib yog siv dav hauv qhob cij, butter, qab zib thiab brandy thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom qab zib, biscuits yog {{0}}}01~0.04%, khoom qab zib yog 0.02 ~ 0.08%, uas yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov khoom noj ci nrog cov txuj lom, tuaj yeem siv rau chocolate, biscuit, ncuav mog qab zib, ice cream thiab Boudin. Ua ntej siv, nws yog yaj hauv dej sov, cov nyhuv zoo dua. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov zaub mov ci yog 220mg / kg, chocolate yog 970mg / kg. Raws li tus neeg sawv cev fixative, tus neeg saib xyuas kev sib koom tes thiab kev hloov kho tau dav siv hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, kuj yog tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb rau zaub mov thiab dej haus. nws yog siv nyob rau hauv tshuaj. L-DOPA (L-dopa), methyldopa. Kuj tseem siv rau npib tsib xee, chrome hlau plating brightener. |
| Physicochemical zog | Vanillin muaj zog thiab tshwj xeeb vanilla taum, ib txwm pom muaj nyob rau hauv vanilla thiab clove roj, roj, oakmoss, balsam ntawm Peru, thiab tus so ntawm tolu balsam. Sulfite tov los yog liab pulp softwood lignin sulfonate, nyob rau hauv lub alkaline tej yam kev mob, reacted los ntawm high-pressure oxidation hydrolysis nag lossis daus kom tau dawb mus rau lub teeb daj crystalline hmoov los yog acicular siv lead ua. Los ntawm roj av ether nag lossis daus tuaj yeem tsim tetragonal siv lead ua. Nws muaj aroma, ntsim qab zib. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, nws yog maj mam oxidized. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub teeb, nws generated decomposition. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm alkali, nws generated discoloration. Tus txheeb ze molecular mass yog 152.15. Tus txheeb ze ntom ntom yog 1.056. melting point yog txawv daim ntawv tetragonal crystalline mus rau lwm tus, tetragonal siv lead ua yog 81 mus rau 83 degree. Acicular crystal ranges ntawm 77 mus rau 79 degree, lub boiling point yog 285 degree (nyob rau hauv CO2 gas), 170 degree (2 x 103Pa), 162 degree (1.33 x 103Pa), 146 C (0.533 x 103Pa). Nws tuaj yeem tsim sublimation yam tsis muaj decomposition. Lub flash point yog 162 degree. Me ntsis soluble hauv dej txias, soluble hauv dej kub, soluble hauv ethanol, ethyl ether, propylene Ketone, benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide, glacial acetic acid, pyridine thiab volatile roj. Dej thiab FeCl3 tsim cov tshuaj xiav ntshav. Rau nas, los ntawm qhov ncauj LD 50 1580mg/kg, nas yog los ntawm percutaneous LD 50 1500mg/kg. Txoj kev tsim khoom lag luam yog tias eugenol nyob rau hauv muaj cov poov tshuaj hydroxide, tsim rau ISO eugenol, ces reacted nrog acetic anhydride tsim ntawm isoeugenol acetate, ua raws li oxidation thiab hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tsim. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau kev sib tov qhob noom xim kasfes, ice cream, zom cov pos hniav pastry thiab haus luam yeeb tsw. Nws kuj tseem siv tau los ua cov tshuaj pleev ib ce tshuaj tsw qab kev sib koom ua ke tus neeg sawv cev thiab ib qho tsw enhancer. Nws tseem yog cov khoom siv tshuaj raw khoom ntawm kev lag luam. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, nws tshwm sim ib tug tshiab zam nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm vanillin. Siv cov roj ntawm clove los yog basil roj muab tawm ntawm eugenol li raw khoom, vanillin tau los ntawm isomerization thiab oxidation, raws li nws muaj peev xwm yuav suav hais tias yog ib tug natural sib npaug zoo, yog li ntawd nws yog hu ua natural vanillin thiab mus rau hauv lub khw txuj lom, nws tus nqi yog hais txog 5. lub sij hawm ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws. |
| Kev ua thiab siv | Flavors: vanillin yog edible flavoring agent, nrog vanilla taum aroma thiab muaj siab xav rau mis nyuj fragrance, yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab indispensable raw khoom rau zaub mov additives kev lag luam, lug siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov xav tau kom ntxiv mis nyuj fragrance flavoring nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, xws li ncuav mog qab zib, txias. dej qab zib, chocolate, khoom qab zib, biscuits, instant noodles, qhob cij thiab luam yeeb, flavoring cawv, tshuaj txhuam hniav, xab npum, tshuaj pleev ib ce, naj hoom, ice cream, dej qab zib thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce ua si aroma thiab tsw. Tsis tas li ntawd nws tuaj yeem siv rau xab npum, tshuaj txhuam hniav, tshuaj tsw qab, roj hmab, yas, khoom siv tshuaj. Nws Accord nrog FCCIV tus qauv. |
| Cov teebmeem | General Side Effects Kev siv cov vanillin ntau ntau (tshaj 30g ib zaug) tuaj yeem ua rau mob taub hau, xeev siab, ntuav, ua pa nyuaj, thiab txawm tias lub raum puas.Tsis txhob ntshai heev, vanillin tsis yog ib qho khoom noj uas muaj kuab lom tshaj plaws uas koj yuav. nrhiav thiab qhov tseeb feem ntau yuav tsis tshwm sim ntau tshaj qhov mob taub hau lossis ua xua rau cov neeg rhiab heev. Feem ntau, hloov los ntawm cov khoom siv vanilla extract rau cov ntshiab vanilla extract yog txhua yam uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem. Ntau tus neeg paub txog ntawm vanilla taum thov vanillin ua ib qho khoom tsis zoo rau cov ntshiab vanilla extract lawm. Yog tias koj tab tom sim noj zaub mov zoo, tej zaum koj yuav tsis ntsib ntau yam vanillin lawm. Pawg tshwj xeeb ceev faj Cov pab pawg tshwj xeeb hais txog cov menyuam yug tshiab, menyuam yaus, cev xeeb tub thiab lwm pab pawg uas muaj feem cuam tshuam. Tsis muaj pov thawj tias Vanillin tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov pab pawg no. Nws yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb siv Vanillin hauv cov khoom noj rau cov menyuam yug tshiab thiab cev xeeb tub. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tseem pom zoo kom cov neeg siv khoom tham nrog cov kws tshaj lij ua ntej siv ntau ntawm Vanillin rau lub sijhawm ntev hauv cov khoom noj rau cov menyuam mos los yog cev xeeb tub. GRAS Affirmation: Yog Feem ntau lees paub tias muaj kev nyab xeeb (GRAS) yog FDA xaiv tias cov khoom tshwj xeeb lossis cov khoom xyaw feem ntau suav tias muaj kev nyab xeeb los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, thiab yog li raug zam los ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Khoom Noj, Tshuaj, thiab Tshuaj pleev ib ce (FFDCA) cov khoom noj khoom haus additive tolerance. Vanillin raug suav hais tias muaj kev nyab xeeb los ntawm FDA raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm thiab tso cai GRAS raws li txoj cai. |
| Vanitrope | Vanitrope muaj ib tug muaj zog thiab enduring clove thiab vanilla aroma, lub aroma siv yog los ntawm 16 mus rau 25 npaug ntawm vanillin. Vanitrope tau tsim thaum ntxov. nyob rau hauv lub nees nkaum xyoo pua 20th. Cov txheej txheem hluavtaws thaum ntxov yog cov roj safrole raws li cov khoom siv raw, cov kua dej cawv ntawm potassium hydroxide reacted kub nias pab qhib lub nplhaib, thiab tom qab ntawd siv sodium ethyl sulfate los ua hydroxy ethylation, thaum kawg hauv cov tshuaj ethanol nrog sulfuric acid hydrolysis kom tau txais vanitrope. . Tab sis vim tsis muaj purity ntawm aroma ntawm cov khoom, yog li nws yog heev me ntsis daim ntawv thov. Nyob rau hauv lub fifties ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nws tsim los ntawm eugenol npaj ntawm vanitrope hluavtaws txoj kev (US patent 2663741), tsuas yog tom qab ntawd tuaj yeem paub txog kev tsim khoom lag luam. Catechol flavour chemists, ua tau zoo tsim los ntawm ntau pheej yig raw cov ntaub ntawv ntawm pyrocatechol nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union nyob rau hauv 1960s. Ua ntej nrog allyl chloride rau catechol mono alkylation, thiab tawm los yog 75%; ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rov qab thiab tawm los yog 35% ~ 38%; Tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev siv ethyl sodium sulfate rau ib leeg ethylation, yield yog 82%. Thaum kawg nrog potassium hydroxide isomerization yuav tau txais vanitrope, tawm los yog 84%, tom qab recrystallization ntawm cov khoom crude melting point 85.5 rau 86 degree .  Vanitrope siv rau hauv cov khoom qab zib, dej haus, dej khov thiab lwm yam khoom noj flavoring formulations, FEMA tooj yog 2922. Nws kuj siv tau rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab xab npum fragrance mis. Nws tsis tsuas yog siv tau los ua cov txuj lom, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev sib koom ua ke thiab antioxidant. Yav tas los Soviet Union perfumers tuav txawv views ntawm vanitrope aroma zog. Lawv ntxiv nws rau chocolate thiab lwm yam khoom noj tsw. Nws tau pom tias cov khoom tsis yog vanillin aroma, yog li nws tsis tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv qhov tsw ntawm cov khoom noj los hloov vanillin. Tab sis thaum siv rau kev sim tshuaj tsw qab ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab, pom tias xab npum muaj zog clove thiab vanilla aroma zoo li nws. Qhov sib txawv ntawm vanillin thiab isoeugenol, vanitrope rau alkali, lub teeb, oxidation yog ruaj khov heev, xab npum zoo li cia tsis hloov xim. Yog li ntawd vanitrope yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tsw qab formulations, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim nyog rau fantasy tsw. |
| Industrial ntau lawm txoj kev vanillin | Kev lag luam ntawm vanillin muaj ntau tshaj li 100 xyoo ntawm keeb kwm, tib neeg tau kawm txog txoj hauv kev thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm ntau cov khoom siv hluavtaws, tab sis daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev lag luam loj loj yog cov hauv qab no peb txoj kev. A. lignin route Hauv kev lag luam papermaking, sulfite pulp pov tseg kua uas muaj ntoo lignosulfonates ua raw khoom, alkaline thiab kub thiab siab siab yog hydrolysis lub cev qhuav dej, thiab tom qab ntawd rov oxidation. Canada thiab Tebchaws Meskas feem ntau tau txais txoj kev tsim khoom ntawm vanillin.  B. Guaiacol formaldehyde txoj kev Guaiacol yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev sib txuas ntawm vanillin, guaiacol, formaldehyde, nitroso dimethylaniline raws li raw khoom ntawm cov txheej txheem hluavtaws, tseem hu ua nitroso txheej txheem. Cov qub Soviet Union thiab Tuam Tshoj tsuas yog siv txoj hauv kev.  C. Guaiacol glyoxylate txoj kev Los ntawm kev siv guaiacol thiab glyoxylic acid ua raw khoom ces los ntawm condensation, oxidation thiab decarboxylation ua rau vanillin.  Txoj kev no yog tsim los ntawm Fabkis Rhone-Poulenc tuam txhab kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob, thiab ntau lawm nyob rau hauv loj teev. Kev siv glyoxylic acid los ntawm maleic acid methyl ester tau npaj los ntawm ob lub ozone decomposition (German patent 3224795). Cov txheej txheem hluavtaws muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv dav, cov kauj ruam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsawg dua, tus nqi qis, tsawg dua peb cov pa phem. Yog li ntawd, nws raug suav hais tias yog txoj kev tsim nyog tshaj plaws. |
| Cov ntsiab lus tsom xam | Txoj kev ib: UV absorption Spectrophotometric. Kev npaj cov txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem: noj cov tshuaj ginseng kom raug tshaj li tus qauv vanillin txog 100mg, rau hauv 250ml ntim ntim, nrog ntim tas li nrog methanol, sib tov. Cov tshuaj 2.0ml, rau hauv 100 ml volumetric hwj, nrog methanol tsau ntim mixing. Cov qauv kev npaj ua kua: hnyav hnyav piv txwv txog li 100mg, txoj kev npaj thiab cov txheej txheem kev npaj yog tib yam. Kev Ua Haujlwm: Siv los ntawm kev daws rau hauv 1 cm quartz hlwb. Txiav txim siab absorbance ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws nqus wavelength ntawm txog 308 nm. Xovxwm hom xam piv txwv vanillin (C8H8O3) cov ntsiab lus (x) (mg): X=12.5c (Au/As) C-vanillin nyob rau hauv tus qauv tov concentration, g / ml; Au-Lub absorbance ntawm cov qauv ua kua; Raws li-Lub absorbance ntawm tus qauv tov. Txoj kev ob: Ua raws li cov roj chromatography (GT-10-4) nrog txoj kev txiav txim siab tsis-polar. |
| Toxicity | LD50 qhov ncauj hauv nas, guinea npua: 1580, 1400 mg / kg (Jenner) |
| Kev siv tsawg | FEMA (mg/kg): dej qab zib 63; txias 95; khoom qab zib 200; ci zaub mov 220; pudding chav kawm 120, zom cov pos hniav, 270; qhob noom xim kasfes 970; decorating txheej 150; margarine yog '0.20; syrup 330 ~ 20000. Raws li cov kev cai ntawm FAO / WHO: Tus nqi tso cai yog 70mg / kg rau cov khoom noj ceev, cov khoom noj me nyuam mos hauv kaus poom thiab cereals (1992). |
| Kev tsim kho kev lag luam | Tuam Tshoj yog lub teb chaws loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb vanillin xa tawm, qhov kev thov hauv tsev yog 2350 tons hauv xyoo 2002, suav txog 30% ntau lawm, 70% ntawm qhov seem yog rau kev xa tawm. Nyob rau hauv 1988 tsuas yog xa tawm 2.73 tons, 1700 tons hauv 1993, 4653 tons hauv 2002. Los ntawm 1993 txog 2002, Tuam Tshoj tus export ntim ntawm vanillin loj hlob ntawm qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo tus nqi ntawm 12%. Nyob rau hauv North America, Europe, Southeast Asia thiab lwm yam lag luam nyiam lub koob npe nrov. Nyob rau hauv 2012, thoob ntiaj teb vanillin xav tau yog hais txog 17500 tons, uas tsim lub teb chaws xav tau nyob rau hauv equilibrium lub xeev, thiab tsim kev thov ntawm vanillin nce ho, ua rau tag nrho cov xav tau ntawm vanillin tseem nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob lub sij hawm. Qhov tseeb tag nrho qhov kev thov ntawm Tuam Tshoj tam sim no tau mus txog 3000 tons. Tam sim no, tus nqi ntawm ib tus neeg tseem tsawg dua li kev siv thoob ntiaj teb ib tus neeg siv. Cov neeg muag khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Jiaxing City, Tuam Tshoj Chemical Co., Ltd. yog tam sim no lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws vanillin chaw tsim tshuaj paus. Nyob rau hauv 2014, lub tuam txhab nrog ib tug txhua xyoo tso zis ntawm methyl vanillin yog 10000 tons, 2000 tons ntawm ethyl vanillin, uas ntau tshaj 80% ntawm cov khoom yog exported. Nyob rau txawv teb chaws, feem ntau yog Fabkis Rhodia Inc., Norwegian Bao heev lub tuam txhab, Ube peb vanillin ntau lawm tuam txhab uas muag. Ntawm lawv, Rhodia, Fabkis yog lub ntiaj teb nto moo tshaj plaws vanillin ntau lawm cov tuam txhab, txhua xyoo muaj peev xwm yog 8000 tons, cov khoom xa tawm hauv Fabkis thiab Tebchaws Meskas. Ntxiv rau lub tuam txhab Norwegian Bao Selig siv lignin ntau lawm ntawm vanillin, cov tuam txhab hauv tsev thiab thoob ntiaj teb siv guaiac ntoo phenol-aldehyde acid ntau lawm ntawm vanillin. |
| Cov cuab yeej tshuaj | Dawb koob siv lead ua, nrog Fragrant tsw. Soluble hauv dej 125 zaug, 20 npaug ntawm ethylene glycol thiab 2 zaug ntawm 95% ethanol, insoluble hauv chloroform. |
| Siv | 1. Siv los ua ib qho tsw, tshuaj tsw qab, tshuaj intermediates. 2. Nws yog kom tau cov tshuaj tsw qab hmoov, taum muaj ntxhiab tsw. Feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tsw qab foundation nrog. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov tsw uas doubles raws li ib tug ua ke ntawm xws li violet, Cymbidium, sunflower, Oriental tsw. Thiab piperonal, isoeugenol benzyl ether, coumarin, musk thiab lwm yam yog teem xyab, hloov kho thiab sib tov, kuj siv tau los npog ua pa phem. Nyob rau hauv edible, haus luam yeeb tsw raws li dav daim ntawv thov, tab sis tus nqi yog loj. Nyob rau hauv vanilla taum hom, qab zib, chocolate, thiab Princess tsw yog yuav tsum tau siv txuj lom. 3. Vanillin yog Tuam Tshoj txoj cai tso cai rau kev siv cov txuj lom edible, raws li ib tug fixative tus neeg sawv cev, yog kev npaj ntawm lub ntsiab raw khoom ntawm vanilla tsw. Nws tseem tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha rau hauv biscuits, ncuav mog qab zib, khoom qab zib, dej qab zib thiab lwm yam khoom noj khoom haus. Kev noj tshuaj raws li qhov kev xav tau ntau lawm, feem ntau hauv cov qhob noom xim kasfes 970mg / kg; 270mg / kg hauv cov pos hniav; 220mg / kg hauv pastry, biscuit; 200mg / kg hauv khoom qab zib; 150mg / kg hauv condiment ~ 95mg / kg hauv dej txias. 4. GB 2760 1996 cov kev cai tso cai siv cov txuj lom noj tau. Siv dav hauv kev npaj ntawm vanilla, chocolate, butter tsw, tus nqi yog mus txog 25% ~ 30%, los yog siv ncaj qha rau hauv biscuits, pastries, ntau npaum li cas yog 0.1% ~{{ 8}}.4%, dej txias yog {{10}}}01% ~ 0.3%, khoom qab zib yog 0.2% ~ 0.8%, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj cov khoom noj siv mis. 5. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshuaj tsw qab, dav siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub kev ua ub no. Nws yog siv los ua zaub mov, haus luam yeeb thiab cawv nrog kev nplua nuj. Hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus ntau npaum li cas rau kev npaj ntawm vanilla, chocolate, butter tsw, tus nqi yog mus txog 25-30%, ncaj qha rau lub ncuav qab zib, ncuav mog qab zib, ntau npaum li cas yog 0.{{3 }}.4%, txias yog 0.01-0.3%, khoom qab zib yog 0.2-0.8, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj cov khoom noj siv mis. Nws yog siv rau kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tshuaj, kuaj cov protein nitrogen heterocyclic indene, phloroglucinol thiab tannic acid. Hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj, nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hypertensive methyldopa, catechols L-dopa tshuaj, thiab Catalin thiab diaveridine. 6. Siv ua reagent nyob rau hauv cov qauv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas organic. 7. Kev ntsuam xyuas cov protein, nitrogen heterocyclic indene, pyrogallol, tannic acid, hlau ions. los ntawm benzoic acid nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim ntawm chloride, txuj lom, organic trace tsom xam txiav txim ntawm methoxy standard. |
| Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom | 1.N N-, dimethylaniline nrog hydrochloric acid yog acidated rau ntsev, nrog sodium nitrite nitrification tawm mus rau nitroso-N, N-nitrobine hydrochloride, uas muaj guaiacol thiab formaldehyde condensated ntawm 41-43 degree . Tom qab ntawd, nws nrog benzene rho tawm. Thawj distillation nrog benzene, thiab tom qab ntawd qhov thib ob distillation, dej recrystallization, 50 degree ziab kom tau cov khoom. Sulfite pulp khib nyiab kua uas muaj birch cypress qauv units ntawm lignin sulfonate, nyob rau hauv alkaline tej yam kev mob oxidation thiab hydrolysis yuav tau thiab cov raw khoom noj (kg / t) guaiacum phenol (98%) nyob rau hauv 1460 sodium nitrite 640, N, N-methyl aniline (98%), 974 ntawm hydrochloric acid (30%), 6000 (99%) ntawm 320. 2.Lub vanilla taum extract. Los ntawm theo-aminoanisole los ntawm diazonium hydrolysis rau hauv guaiacol, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm nitroso dimethylaniline thiab catalyst, nrog formaldehyde condensation, los yog teb nrog chloroform nyob rau hauv Catalyzed los ntawm poov tshuaj hydroxide thiab tom qab extraction sib cais, nqus distillation thiab crystallization purification. Kuj tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg ntoo, eugenol, guaiacol, safrole tau tsim. 3. Siv lignin ua raw khoom Vanillin tuaj yeem npaj los ntawm cov ntawv cog ntoo sulfite pulping khib nyiab cawv uas muaj lignin. Cov dej khib nyiab dav dav muaj cov khoom 10% ~ 12%, ntawm 40% ~ 50% yog lignin sulfonic acid calcium. Cov kua khib nyiab yog concentrated rau 40% ~ 50% cov ntaub ntawv khoom, ntxiv NaOH ntawm 25% ntawm lignin tus nqi, thiab cua sov rau 160 mus rau 175 degree (kwv yees 1.1 ~ 1.2 MPa), huab cua oxidation rau 2h, kev hloov pauv feem ntau yog mus txog. 8% ~ 11%. Oxide nrog benzene extract vanillin, thiab dej vapor distillation txoj kev rau kev rov qab ntawm benzene nyob rau hauv oxide nrog sodium bisulfite los tsim sub hydrogen sulfate ntsev thiab impurity sib cais, thiab ces decomposition ntawm sulfuric acid rau vanillin. Thaum kawg, nws yog los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev distillation thiab recrystallization kom tau txais cov khoom. Siv guaiacol ua raw khoom Chloral guaiacol txoj kev thiab trichloro acetaldehyde nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm sodium carbonate los yog poov tshuaj carbonate, cua sov mus rau 27 degree yog synthesized los ntawm cov condensation ntawm 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl trichloro methyl carbinol, tsis tshuaj guaiac ntoo phenol dej vapor distillation tshem tawm. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm caustic soda, nitrobenzene li oxidant, tshav kub mus rau 150 degree oxidative cleavage ntawm vanillin tau txais; Kuj tseem siv tau Cu-CuO-CoCl2 ua catalyst thiab 100 degree hauv huab cua oxidation, tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog benzene extraction ntawm vanillin, los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev distillation thiab recrystallization purification thiaj li tau txais cov khoom tiav. Glyoxylic acid txoj kev: nyob rau hauv glyoxylic acid tov tom qab ntxiv guaiacol, sodium hydroxide thiab sodium carbonate, thiab ntawm 30 mus rau 33 degree los ntawm condensation rau 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenyl glycollic acid los ntawm hnyav extraction ntawm guaiacol cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tom qab. Ntxiv sodium hydroxide tov, nitrobenzene sulfonic acid thiab calcium hydroxide nyob rau hauv Q muaj rhuab mus rau 100 degree rau oxidation thiab pyrolysis rau vanillin. Oxidation cov khoom tau neutralized nrog ob chlorine ethane extraction ntawm vanillin, crude khoom los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev distillation thiab recrystallization tiav lawm. Cov txheej txheem nitroso: 30% hydrochloric acid166kg thiab dej 200kg yog ntxiv rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kettle, txias rau l0 degree, xa ob methyl aniline 61.5kg hauv 2h qhov kub tsawg dua 25%, ces txuas ntxiv stirring 20min. dej tov yog txias rau 6 degree tom qab infusion ntawm sodium nitrite 75kg nrog 25% dej tov, tswj qhov kub thiab txias thiab txuas ntxiv mus do 1h. lim p-nitroso ob methyl aniline hydrochloride ntawm 7 ~ 10 degree, ntxiv ib qho Ethanol thiab concentrated hydrochloric acid, diluted hauv cov khoom, nitroso ob methyl aniline. Guaiacol thiab p-nitroso ob methyl aniline condensation: Lub 26kg ntawm urotropine yaj nyob rau hauv 34kg dej sib tov, ces ntxiv 126kg guaiacol thiab 63kg ethanol, muab cia rau hauv headtank standby. Cov nyiaj tau los ntawm nitroso dimethylaniline dihydrochloride thiab ethanol sib tov ntawm 550Kg yuav koom nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kettle, cua sov rau 28 degree tom qab ntxiv hlau ntsev catalyst, thiab ces rhuab mus rau 35 mus rau 36 degree thaum poob guaiac ntoo phenol sib tov (3 ~ 3.5h), khaws cia. Qhov kub ntawm 40 mus rau 43 degree, poob tom qab ntxiv mus rau stirring 1h ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tom qab ntawd ntxiv 100kg diluted 40 degree dej, nplawm thiab 15min cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv kua condensation ntawm vanillin yuav tsum siab tshaj 11%. Siv benzene ua kuab tshuaj. cov rotary kua-kua extraction kem nruam countercurrent extraction cov saum toj no condensation kua. Benzene extraction kua muaj ntau ntawm hydrochloric acid, ntxuav dej, thiab tom qab ntawd alkali neutralization rau ph=4; Climbing zaj duab xis evaporator distillation rov qab ntawm benzene thiab dej vapor maj nrawm chav 1h kom tshem tawm cov benzene seem; decompression chav rau dej thiab thaum kawg nyob rau hauv 120 mus rau 150 degree (666.6Pa) sai steaming tawm crude vanillin, khov point yog 70 degree los yog li ntawd. Cov khoom nyoos tau yaj hauv 70 degree hauv toluene, lim tom qab txias rau 18 txog 20 degree, nqus thiab ntxuav nrog me me ntawm toluene rau vanillin. Tom qab ntawd lub tshuab nqus tsev distillation thib ob, ntawm 130 txog 140 degree (266.6 ~ 399.9Pa) feem thiab yaj hauv dilute ethanol 60 ~ 70 degree, maj mam txias rau 16 txog 18 degree, crystallization (1H). Siv lub centrifuge lim, thiab siv me ntsis dilute ethanol ntxuav. Thaum kawg ntawm 50 txog 60 degree, cua kub kom qhuav 12 teev cov khoom. Raws li guaiacol, cov qoob loo tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dua 65%. P-hydroxyphenylaldehyde txoj kev Siv p-hydroxybenzaldehyde ua raw cov ntaub ntawv, los ntawm ib leeg bromination, methoxylation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los npaj vanillin. Hauv 250ml fwj, ntxiv 16g ({10}}.131mo1) ntawm p-hydroxybenzaldehyde thiab 90ml hnyav. Tom qab kev sib cais ntawm cov neeg 6.8mL (0.131mol) bromine thiab rhuab mus rau 40 ~ 45 degree thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau 6h. Cov kuab tshuaj residue thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev twj tso kua mis, boiling dej, kub lim, lim cua txias crystallization, pom thiab ziab ntawm dawb crystalline 3-bromo-4-hydroxy benzaldehyde, lub melting point yog 123 mus rau 124 degree, yield yog 90% . Hauv 250ml fwj, koom nrog 12g (0.0597mol) ntawm cov khoom, sodium methanol tov ntawm methylmercury 45ml (0.230mol) 28.24%, thiab 0.2gCuCl, 35mLDMF. Hauv 115 degree cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau 1.5h thiab rub cov kuab tshuaj, cov residue nrog 18% hydrochloric acid rau pH =4 ~ 5, thiab tom qab ntawd kub benzene extraction rau 3 zaug, taw rau dej, benzene txheej txo qhov siab distillation rau benzene, kas fes xim kua. Uas yaj nyob rau hauv kub dilute cawv tov, txias kom cais dawb crystallization, lim, thiab ziab kom tau cov khoom ntawm vanillin 8.3g, melting point yog 81 mus rau 82 degree, 99.5% purity yield yog 91.1%. |
| Kev piav qhia | Vanillin muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam nroj tsuag, xws li tuber ntawm Rhizoma Gastrodiae (Tian Ma), tag nrho cov tshuaj ntsuab ntawm Equisetum (Mu Zei), Ulva pertusa (Kong Shi Chun), thiab qab zib beets, vanilla taum, Peru balsam, thiab hais txog. . |
| Chemical Properties | Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm vanilla nroj tsuag coj cov vanilla pods, los yog siliques, muaj nyob. Cov uas tau hais los saum no yog hom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Ntawm tus nqi tshwj xeeb yog cov cog hauv Mexico, Madagascar, Java, Tahiti, Comoro Islands thiab Réunion. Kev cog qoob loo ntawm vanilla taum yog ntev heev thiab ua haujlwm hnyav. Cov nroj tsuag yog perennial herbaceous vine uas loj hlob mus txog 25 m hauv qhov siab thiab xav tau kev txhawb nqa tsim nyog thiaj li yuav loj hlob. Fecundation ntawm paj yog ua (Kaum Ib Hlis txog Lub Kaum Ob Hlis) los ntawm perforating daim nyias nyias uas cais cov paj ntoos los ntawm pistil. Qhov no yog ib txoj hauj lwm uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev txawj tes hauj lwm. Ntuj fecundation tshwm sim thaum ua haujlwm zoo sib xws los ntawm cov noog lossis kab uas perforate daim nyias nyias hauv kev tshawb nrhiav zaub mov. Tom qab ob peb lub hlis, pawg ntawm cov dai pods (siliques) raug tsim; cov no pib daj nyob rau hauv qis qis ntawm lub yim hli ntuj mus rau lub Cuaj Hli. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, cov siliques tau sau thiab tau txais kev kho tshwj xeeb uas tsim cov aroma. Cov siliques yog muab tso rau hauv straw baskets thiab dipped rau hauv dej kub kom rupture lub puab cell phab ntsa. Tom qab ob peb lub hlis, lub aroma pib tsim. Tom qab ntawd cov siliques yog exuded los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau lub hnub ci (los ntawm alternately npog thiab uncovering siliques nrog wool pam). Thaum exudation tiav lawm, cov siliques yog oiled nrog cocoa roj kom tsis txhob chapping thaum lub sij hawm ziab thiab yog thaum kawg qhuav mus rau ib tug haum residual noo noo cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau theem kawg ntawm kev npaj, qhov zoo tshaj plaws siliques tsim ib vanilla "brine" uas crystallizes rau saum npoo ntawm taum. Feem ntau, kev ua tiav ntawm vanilla taum yuav siv sijhawm ntau tshaj ib xyoos. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev lag luam zoo yog brined vanilla, bastard vanilla thiab vanilla pompona. Cov taum tsuas yog siv xwb. Vanilla muaj qab zib, ethereal tsw thiab cov yam ntxwv tsw. |
| Chemical Properties | Vanillin muaj tus yam ntxwv, creamy, zoo li vanilla tsw nrog qab zib heev. |
| Chemical Properties | Dawb, crystalline koob; tsw qab. Soluble nyob rau hauv 125 qhov chaw dej, nyob rau hauv 20 qhov chaw glycerol, thiab nyob rau hauv 2 qhov chaw 95% cawv; Soluble nyob rau hauv chloroform thiab ether. Hluav taws kub. |
| Chemical Properties | Dawb los yog qab zib, crystalline koob los yog hmoov nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm vanilla tsw thiab qab zib saj. |
| Chemical Properties | Vanillin muaj nyob rau hauv ntau cov roj yam tseem ceeb thiab cov khoom noj, tab sis feem ntau tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lawv cov tsw los yog aroma. Txawm li cas los xij, nws txiav txim siab qhov tsw ntawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb thiab cov extracts ntawm Vanilla planifolia thiab Vanilla tahitensis pods, nyob rau hauv uas nws yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm ripening los ntawm enzymatic cleavage ntawm glycosides. Vanillin yog xim tsis muaj xim, crystalline khoom (mp 82-83 degree) nrog cov ntxhiab tsw vanilla. Vim tias nws muaj aldehyde thiab hydroxy hloov pauv, nws dhau los ua ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv tuaj yeem ua tau vim muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab. Vanillyl cawv thiab 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol yog tau los ntawm catalytic hydrogenation; vanillic acid derivatives yog tsim tom qab oxidation thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm phenolic hydroxy pawg. Txij li vanillin yog ib qho phenol aldehyde, nws ruaj khov rau autoxidation thiab tsis ua rau Cannizzaro cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ntau cov derivatives tuaj yeem npaj tau los ntawm etherification lossis esterification ntawm pawg hydroxy thiab los ntawm aldol condensation ntawm pawg aldehyde. Ob peb ntawm cov derivatives no yog intermediates, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov synthesis ntawm pharmaceuticals. |
| Lub cev muaj zog | Cov tsos mob: dawb los yog lub teeb daj koob siv lead ua los yog siv lead ua hmoov, nrog ib tug muaj zog aroma. Tus txheeb ze ntom ntom yog li 1.060. Solubility: Nws tsis yog soluble hauv ethanol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, glacial acetic acid, thiab pyridine tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv roj, propylene glycol, thiab hydrogen peroxide hauv alkaline tov. Nws tuaj yeem maj mam oxidize hauv huab cua, tuaj yeem tsis ruaj khov nyob rau hauv lub teeb pom kev, thiab yuav tsum tau muab cia rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj. Melting point: lub melting point yog 81 degree. |
| Qhov tshwm sim | Vanillin tshwm sim dav hauv qhov; nws tau tshaj tawm hauv cov roj tseem ceeb ntawm Java citronella (Cymbopogon nardus Rendl.), hauv benzoin, Peru balsam, clove bud roj thiab chiefly vanilla pods (Vanilla planifolia, V. tahitensis, V. pompona); ntau tshaj 40 hom vanilla yog cog; vanillin kuj muaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag xws li qabzib thiab vanillin. Tshaj tawm pom nyob rau hauv guava, feyoa txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ntau berries, asparagus, chive, cinnamon, qhiav, Scotch spearmint roj, nutmeg, crisp thiab rye qhob cij, butter, mis nyuj, lean thiab fatty ntses, kho nqaij npuas, npias, cognac, whiskies, sherry, Txiv hmab txiv ntoo, rum, cocoa, kas fes, tshuaj yej, ci barley, paj kws, oatmeal, cloudberry, passion txiv hmab txiv ntoo, taum, tamarind, dill tshuaj ntsuab thiab noob, sake, pob kws roj, malt, wort, elderberry, loquat, Bourbon thiab Tahiti vanilla thiab chicory paus. |
| Keeb kwm | Vanillin yog lub npe hu ua ib qho ntawm thawj cov txuj lom hluavtaws. Hauv kev lag luam naj hoom, nws yog hu ua vanillic aldehyde. Thaum ntxov li xyoo 1858, tus kws tshuaj Fab Kis Fab Kis Gby (NicolasTheodore Gobley) tau txais cov ntshiab vanillin thawj zaug los ntawm txoj kev kho. Vim tsis muaj ntau lawm tawm los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso vanillin, nws spurred kev tshawb fawb rau ib tug tshuaj synthesis txoj kev ntawm vanillin ntau lawm. Xyoo 1874, tus kws tshawb fawb German M.?Haarman thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm sib koom tes tau txiav txim siab cov qauv tshuaj ntawm vanillin thiab nrhiav tau ib txoj hauv kev tshiab los tsim vanillin nrog abietene ua raw khoom. Xyoo 1965, Suav cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias vanillin muaj cov nyhuv antiepileptic thiab ua tiav kev tshawb fawb txog tshuaj thiab tshuaj toxicology ntawm vanillin los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Lawv kuj pom tias vanillin muaj qee yam tshuaj tua kab mob, ua rau nws tsim cov tshuaj tsim nyog rau kev kho mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Vanillin tuaj yeem siv los ua nruab nrab rau kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam tshuaj, xws li berberine thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv hypertensive L-methyldopa, methoxy-pyrimidine, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob plawv papaverine. |
| Siv | Vanillin yog ib qho flavorant ua los ntawm hluavtaws los yog dag vanilla uas tuaj yeem muab tau los ntawm lignin ntawm whey sulfite liquors thiab yog syntheti-cally tiav los ntawm guaiacol thiab eugenol. cov khoom muaj feem xyuam, ethyl vanillin, muaj peb thiab ib nrab lub sij hawm lub zog flavouring ntawm vanillin. vanillin kuj tseem hais txog cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb hauv vanilla, uas tau los ntawm kev rho tawm los ntawm vanilla taum. vanillin yog siv los hloov vanilla extract, nrog rau daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ice cream, khoom qab zib, ci, thiab dej haus ntawm 60-220 ppm. |
| Siv | Intermediate thiab analytical reagent. |
| Siv | Pharmaceutic aid (tshuaj). Raws li tus neeg sawv cev flavoring hauv confectionery, dej haus, khoom noj thiab tsiaj pub. Fragance thiab tsw hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce. Reagent rau synthesis. Qhov chaw ntawm L-dopa. |
| Siv | Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Vanilla taum Extract. |
| Siv | Sau npe Vanillin. Muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom noj thiab nroj tsuag xws li orchids; Kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws ntawm ntuj vanillin yog los ntawm vanilla taum extract. Synthetically tsim nyob rau hauv-bulk los ntawm m lignin-raws li byproduct ntawm ntawv txheej txheem los yog los ntawm guaicol. |
| Txhais | ChEBI: Ib tug tswv cuab ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm benzaldehydes nqa methoxy thiab hydroxy substituents ntawm txoj hauj lwm 3 thiab 4 feem. |
| Kev npaj | Kev lag luam vanillin yog tau los ntawm kev ua cov khib nyiab sulfite liquors los yog synthesized los ntawm guaiacol. Kev npaj los ntawm oxidation ntawm isoeugenol yog keeb kwm txaus siab nkaus xwb. 1) Kev npaj los ntawm pov tseg sulfite cawv: Cov khoom pib rau kev tsim cov vanillin yog cov lignin tam sim no hauv sulfite pov tseg los ntawm kev lag luam cellulose. Cov cawv txiv hmab uas muaj kuab heev yog kho nrog alkali ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hauv qhov muaj oxidants. Cov vanillin tsim yog sib cais los ntawm cov khoom lag luam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog acetovanillone (4-hydroxy-3- methoxyacetophenone), los ntawm kev rho tawm, distillation, thiab crystallization. Ntau tus patents piav qhia txog ntau yam txheej txheem rau (tsuas yog) txuas ntxiv hydrolysis thiab oxidation txheej txheem, nrog rau cov txheej txheem purification yuav tsum tau txais qib siab vanillin. Lignin yog degraded nrog sodium hydroxide los yog nrog calcium hydroxide tov thiab ib txhij oxidized nyob rau hauv huab cua nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalysts. Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiav, cov khoom pov tseg raug tshem tawm. Vanillin yog muab rho tawm los ntawm acidified tov nrog ib tug hnyav (xws li, butanol los yog benzene) thiab reextracted nrog sodium hydrogen sulfite tov. Reacidification nrog sulfuric acid ua raws li lub tshuab nqus tsev distillation yields technical-qib vanillin, uas yuav tsum tau recrystallized ob peb zaug kom tau cov zaub mov-qib vanillin. Dej, uas ib co ethanol yuav muab ntxiv, yog siv raws li hnyav nyob rau hauv lub xeem crystallization kauj ruam. 2) Kev npaj los ntawm guaiacol: Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev tuaj yeem siv los qhia txog pawg aldehyde rau hauv lub nplhaib uas muaj ntxhiab. Condensation ntawm guaiacol nrog glyoxylic acid ua raws li los ntawm oxidation ntawm mandelic acid tshwm sim rau cov coj phenylglyoxylic acid thiab, thaum kawg, decarboxylation tseem yog ib qho kev sib tw kev lag luam rau vanillin synthesis. ib. Vanillin los ntawm guaiacol thiab glyoxylic acid: Tam sim no, guaiacol yog tsim los ntawm catechol, uas yog npaj los ntawm acid-catalyzed hydroxylation ntawm phenol nrog hydrogen peroxide. Hauv Suav teb, guaiacol npaj los ntawm o-nitrochlorobenzene ntawm o-anisidine kuj tseem siv. Glyoxylic acid yog tau raws li ib tug by-product nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm glyoxal los ntawm acetaldehyde thiab tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm oxidation ntawm glyoxal nrog nitric acid. Condensation ntawm guaiacol nrog glyoxylic acid ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub thiab nyob rau hauv tsis muaj zog alkaline xov xwm. Ib qho me ntsis ntawm guaiacol yog tswj kom tsis txhob tsim cov khoom tsis sib xws; tshaj guaiacol tau zoo lawm. Cov tshuaj alkaline uas muaj 4-hydroxy- 3-methoxymandelic acid yog ces oxidized nyob rau hauv cov huab cua nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst mus txog rau thaum lub xam cov pa oxygen noj [358]. Crude vanillin yog tau los ntawm acidification thiab ib txhij decarboxylation ntawm (4-hydroxy-3-}methoxyphenyl) glyoxylic acid kua. Cov txheej txheem no muaj qhov zoo dua, nyob rau hauv cov kev mob tshwm sim, cov glyoxyl radical nkag mus rau lub nplhaib uas muaj ntxhiab guaiacol yuav luag tshwj xeeb rau cov phenolic hydroxy pawg. Cov txheej txheem sib cais tsis txaus ntseeg yog li zam. b. Vanillin los ntawm guaiacol thiab formaldehyde: Cov txheej txheem qub uas tseem siv tau muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm guaiacol nrog formaldehyde lossis formaldehyde precursors xws li urotropine, N, N-dimethyl-aniline, thiab sodium nitrite . |
| Txoj kev tsim khoom | Vanillin tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau yam tseem ceeb roj thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub pods ntawm Vanilla planifolia thiab Vanilla tahitensis. Industrially, vanillin yog npaj los ntawm lignin, uas yog tau los ntawm sulfite pov tseg uas tsim thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawv. Lignin yog kho nrog alkali ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst, tsim ib tug complex sib tov ntawm cov khoom uas vanillin cais. Vanillin ces purified los ntawm recrystallizations successive. Vanillin kuj tseem tuaj yeem npaj tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, hauv cov alkali tsis muaj zog, ntawm me ntsis dhau ntawm guaiacol nrog glyoxylic acid nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub. Cov tshuaj alkaline tshwm sim, muaj 4- hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid yog oxidized nyob rau hauv huab cua, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst, thiab vanillin yog tau los ntawm acidification thiab ib txhij decarboxylation. Vanillin ces purified los ntawm recrystallizations successive. |
| Cov lus qhia | Nws tuaj yeem siv los kho ntau yam mob vwm thiab mob siab rau hyperactivity tsis meej thiab vertigo. |
| Kev sib xyaw | Ntxiv rau vanillin (kwv yees li 3%), vanilla muaj lwm cov ntsiab lus uas muaj ntxhiab: vanillin, piperonal, eugenol, glucovanillin, vanillic acid, anisic acid thiab anisaldehyde. Txawm hais tias vanillin cuam tshuam nrog cov yam ntxwv tsw ntawm cov nroj tsuag, qhov zoo ntawm vanilla taum tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus vanillin. Bourbon taum muaj ntau ntau ntawm vanillin piv rau Mexican thiab Tahiti taum. |
| Aroma pib qhov tseem ceeb | Kev kuaj pom: 29 ppb rau 1.6 ppm; npe :4ppm |
| Saj pib qhov tseem ceeb | Cov yam ntxwv saj ntawm 10 ppm: qab zib, zoo li vanilla-zoo li, marshmallow, creamy-coumarin, caramellic nrog ib tug powdery nuance. |
| Synthesis Reference (cov) | Phau ntawv Journal of Organic Chemistry, 46, p. 4545 Ib., 1981DOI:10.1021/j00335a045 |
| Kev piav qhia dav dav | Cov ntawv pov thawj kws kho mob thib ob rau daim ntawv thov hauv kev tswj hwm zoo muab cov chaw kuaj tshuaj thiab cov chaw tsim khoom nrog rau kev yooj yim thiab siv tau zoo rau cov qauv tshuaj pharmacopeia |
| Cua & Dej Reactions | Maj mam oxidizes ntawm huab cua. . Me ntsis dej soluble. |
| Reactivity Profile | Vanillin tuaj yeem ua mob hnyav nrog Br2, HClO4, potassium-tert-butoxide, (tert-chloro-benzene + NaOH), (formic acid + Tl (NO3) 3). . Vanillin yog aldehyde. Aldehydes tau nkag siab oxidized los muab carboxylic acids. Cov nplaim hluav taws kub thiab / lossis cov pa phem yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm aldehydes nrog azo, diazo tebchaw, dithiocarbamates, nitrides, thiab muaj zog txo cov neeg ua haujlwm. Aldehydes tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog huab cua los muab thawj peroxo acids, thiab thaum kawg carboxylic acids. Cov tshuaj autoxidation no tau qhib los ntawm lub teeb, catalyzed los ntawm cov ntsev ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv, thiab yog autocatalytic (catalyzed los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv). |
| Hluav Taws Xob | Cov ntaub ntawv flash point rau Vanillin tsis muaj, txawm li cas los xij Vanillin tej zaum combustible. |
| Flammability thiab Explosibility | Tsis yog nplaim taws |
| Kev siv tshuaj | Vanillin yog dav siv los ua ib qho tsw hauv tshuaj, khoom noj, dej haus, thiab khoom noj khoom haus, uas nws muab cov yam ntxwv saj thiab tsw ntawm ntuj vanilla. Nws kuj yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj tsw qab, ua ib qho tshuaj ntsuam reagent thiab ua ib qho nruab nrab hauv kev sib txuas ntawm ntau cov tshuaj, tshwj xeeb yog methyldopa. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau raug soj ntsuam raws li tus neeg sawv cev muaj peev xwm kho mob hauv cov kab mob cell anemia thiab tau lees tias muaj qee yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Hauv daim ntawv thov zaub mov, vanillin tau tshawb xyuas raws li kev khaws cia. Raws li kev siv tshuaj, vanillin yog siv rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj, kev daws teeb meem ({{0}}}01–{7}}.02% w/v), syrups, thiab hmoov los npog qhov ncauj qhov ntswg. tsis kaj siab saj thiab tsw yam ntxwv ntawm tej formulations, xws li caffeine ntsiav tshuaj thiab polythiazide ntsiav tshuaj. Nws yog zoo ib yam siv nyob rau hauv zaj duab xis txheej los npog lub saj thiab tsw ntawm vitamin ntsiav tshuaj. Vanillin kuj tau raug soj ntsuam raws li ib tug photostabilizer nyob rau hauv furosemide 1% w/v txhaj, haloperidol 0.5% w/v txhaj, thiab thiothixene 0.2% w/v txhaj. |
| Pharmacology | Kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob los yog sublethal ntawm vanillin muab qhov ncauj rau cov tshuaj loog ua rau cov luav ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab sai sai ntawm cov ntshav siab thiab txhawb kev ua pa (Deichmann & Kitzmiller, 1940). Cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws tau txais hauv cov dev (Caujolle li al. 1953). Vanillin tsuas yog tsim tawm me me ntawm cov kua tsib thaum muab iv rau cov nas (Rohrbach & Robineau, 1958), thiab ua rau qee qhov kev ua haujlwm choleretic thaum txhaj ip rau nas hauv koob ntawm 10-250 mg / kg (Pham-Huu-Chanh, Bettoli-Moulas & Maciotta-Lapoujade, 1968). Kev txhaj tshuaj sc hauv koob tshuaj 1 mg / hnub rau 4 hnub rau cov poj niam nas uas tsis paub qab hau, nws ua rau txo qis hauv zes qe menyuam- thiab nce qhov hnyav ntawm lub tsev menyuam rau cov tshuaj gonadotropic exogenous (Kar, Mundle & Roy, 196{{14}). }). Vanillin tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb ntawm cov ntses (Bohinc & Wesley-Hadzija, 1956). Hauv kev noj haus ntau ntawm 0.05 thiab 0.1% nws muaj cov nyhuv cariostatic hauv hamsters yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam kev loj hlob (Stralfors, 1967). Vanillin ua raws li cov tshuaj aerosol tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau ib txwm ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib txwm ua haujlwm cais tawm perfused guineapig ntsws thiab tsis tiv thaiv tus kheej pneumoconstriction (Pham-Huu-Chanh, 1963 & 1964). Nws tsis tau ua raws li kev sib txuas (tanning) tus neeg sawv cev rau corium thiab aorta, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv 0.15 M tov nws tsis tau nce qhov pom nyob rau hauv vitro hydrothermal shrinkage kub ntawm tshis tawv nqaij thiab tib neeg, bovine thiab canine aortae. (Milch, 1965). Nws txo qis me ntsis qhov deformability ntawm cov pob liab liab ntom ntom (Jacobs, 1965), thiab hauv 1-2 mM concentration tsim 50-100% inhibition ntawm collageninduced platelet aggregation hauv tib neeg cov ntshav (Jobin & Tremblay, 1969). |
| Kev siv tshuaj kho mob | Vanillin ntsiav tshuaj tau siv rau hauv kev kho mob qaug dab peg thiab muaj kev kho mob zoo dua. Qee cov neeg mob muaj mob kiv taub hau me ntsis qee zaus hauv tsev kho mob. |
| Kev ruaj ntseg Profile | Mob hnyav heev los ntawm kev noj, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, thiab intravenous txoj kev. Kev sim ua kom muaj menyuam. Human mutation data qhia. tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog Br2, HClO4, potassium-tert-butoxide, tert-chlorobenzene + NaOH, formic acid + thallium nitrate. Thaum rhuab mus rau decomposition nws emissions pa luam yeeb thiab irritating fumes. Saib ALDEHYDES thiab. |
| Kev nyab xeeb | Muaj ob peb tsab ntawv ceeb toom txog kev tsis zoo rau vanillin, txawm hais tias nws tau raug kwv yees tias kev sib tsoo nrog lwm cov qauv zoo sib xws, xws li benzoic acid, yuav tshwm sim. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo uas tau tshaj tawm suav nrog kev tiv thaiv kab mob dermatitis thiab bronchospasm los ntawm hypersensitivity. Lub koom haum WHO tau faib cov kwv yees uas tau txais txhua hnub rau vanillin txog li 10 mg / kg lub cev hnyav. LD50 (guinea npua, IP): 1.19 g / kg LD50 (guinea npua, qhov ncauj): 1.4 g / kg LD50 (mos, IP): 0.48 g/kg LD50 (rat, IP): 1.16 g/kg LD50 (rat, qhov ncauj): 1.58 g / kg LD50 (rat, SC): 1.5 g / kg |
| Synthesis | Los ntawm pov tseg (xiav) ntawm kev lag luam ntoo-pulp; vanillin yog muab rho tawm nrog benzene tom qab saturation ntawm sulfite pov tseg cawv nrog CO2. Vanillin kuj tseem muab tau los ntawm fermentation. |
| Metabolism | Cov neeg soj ntsuam thaum ntxov tau sau tseg txog kev hloov pauv ntawm vanillin rau vanillic acid uas tau tso tawm feem ntau yog cov kua qaub dawb, conjugated ethereal sulphate lossis glucurovanillic acid (Preusse, 1880). Hauv cov txiv neej, vanillin tau tawg los ntawm lub siab mus rau vanillic acid uas tau tawm hauv cov zis. Tib neeg lub siab homogenates tau hloov pauv vanillin rau vanillic acid hauv vitro (Dirscherl & Brisse, 1966). Endo genous vanillic acid ntau lawm thiab excretion nyob rau hauv txiv neej los ntawm lub cev catecholamines npaum li cas rau<0.5 mg/day, compared with the normal contribution from dietary sources of about 9 mg/day (Dirscherl & Wirtzfeldt, 1964). |
| khaws cia | Vanillin oxidizes maj mam hauv huab cua noo thiab cuam tshuam los ntawm lub teeb. Kev daws ntawm vanillin hauv ethanol decompose sai hauv lub teeb kom muab cov xim daj, me ntsis iab saj ntawm 6,6'-dihydroxy- 5,5'-dimethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl{{1 0}}, 3'-dicarbaldehyde. Alkaline daws kuj decompose sai kom muab cov xim xim av. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev daws teeb meem ruaj khov rau ob peb lub hlis yuav raug tsim los ntawm kev ntxiv sodium metabisulfite 0.2% w / v ua antioxidant. Cov khoom siv loj yuav tsum muab khaws cia rau hauv lub thawv kaw kom zoo, tiv thaiv lub teeb, hauv qhov chaw txias, qhuav. |
| Txoj Kev Purification | Crystallize vanillin los ntawm dej los yog aqueous EtOH, los yog distillation hauv vacuo.[Beilstein 8 IV 1763.] |
| Kev tsis sib haum xeeb | Tsis sib haum nrog acetone, tsim cov xim ci ntsa iab. Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke siv tsis tau hauv ethanol yog tsim nrog glycerin. |
| Kev tswj hwm xwm txheej | GRAS teev. Muaj nyob rau hauv FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (qhov ncauj kev daws teeb meem, ncua kev kawm ntawv, syrups, thiab ntsiav tshuaj). Muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj nonparenteral ntawv tso cai nyob rau hauv UK. Muaj nyob rau hauv Canadian daim ntawv teev cov khoom uas tsis yog tshuaj. |
| Vanillin Npaj Cov Khoom Siv thiab Cov Khoom Raw |
| Cov khoom siv raw | Sodium hydroxide-->Hydrochloric acid-->Sulfuric acid-->Sodium carbonate-->Chloroform-->Phenol-->N,N-Dimethylaniline-->Hexamethylenetetramine-->Calcium hydroxide-->Chloral-->N-Methylaniline-->o-Anisidine-->Sulfurous Acid-->Glyoxylic acid-->Guaiacol-->Eugenol-->Benzenesulfonic acid-->LIGNOSULFONIC ACID, CALCIUM SALT-->Safrole-->LIGNIN, ALKALI-->DIMETHYLANILINE-->VANILLA EXTRACT-->Lignin Sulfonate |
| Cov khoom npaj | 3-Methyl-1-butanol-->Butyric Acid-->3-O-Methyldopamine hydrochloride-->3-Iodo-4,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde-->6-HYDROXY-7-METHOXY-4-PHENYLCOUMARIN-->Curcumin-->Veratraldehyde-->3-Methoxysalicylaldehyde-->3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde-->4-BENZYLOXY-3-METHOXYBENZALDEHYDE-->Capsaicin-->Isovanillin-->S-(-)-Carbidopa-->Methyldopa-->1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene-->Diaveridine-->4-[(2-CHLORO-6-FLUOROBENZYL)OXY]-3-METHOXYBENZALDEHYDE-->Dopamine-->1-(4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYPHENYL)-2-NITROETHENE-->TERT-BUTYL 4-FORMYL-2-METHOXYPHENYL CARB ONATE, 99-->2,3-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde-->LEMONGRASS OIL, WEST INDIAN TYPE-->2-BROMO-4-FORMYL-6-METHOXYPHENYL ACETATE-->VANILLA EXTRACT-->2,4,5-Trimethoxynitrobenzene -->2,3-DIBROMO-4-HYDROXY-5-METHOXYBENZALDEHYDE-->trans-Ferulic acid-->4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine hydrochloride-->5-Bromovanillin-->Protocatechuic acid-->4-(2-AMINO-ETHYL)-2-METHOXY-PHENOL -->CITRONELLYL PROPIONATE-->5-Hydroxyvanillin-->B-(3,4-DIMETHOXYPHENYL)-A-CYANOPROPIONALDEHYDE DIMETHYLACETAL-->CITRONELLYL FORMATE |
Cim npe nrov: Tuam Tshoj vanillin manufacturers, lwm tus neeg, Hoobkas
Tug: Tsis muaj
Tom ntej: 2-Methylimidazole
Koj Tseem Yuav Zoo Li
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